1 add up 加起来, 总计
e.g. At the exits assistants will take the goods and add up the cost. 在出口处, 服务员会把你的商品接过去, 把价钱加在一起。 add to 增加, 加强
e.g. This lesson adds to the value of the book. 这一课增加了这本书的价值。 add up to 总计达, 总共是 e.g. The cost adds up to 100 dollars.
2 upset adj. 不安的, 心烦意乱的 +about / at / over
e.g. He was upset over her illness. upset v. 使不安；使心烦意乱
It upsets me to think of her all alone in that big house. 想到她一个人待在那么大一个房子里，我就很不安。 upset n. 扰乱; 不安
Last-minute changes caused a great deal of upset. 出现的临时变动造成一片混乱.
3 concern vi. (使)担忧；涉及；关系到
be concerned about 担心, 关心, 挂念
e.g. There’s nothing for you to be concerned about. 没有什么需要你关心的事。 concern n.
作“担心，忧虑，焦虑，焦急”讲，是不可数名词，可与介词for, about, over搭配；作“关心的事情”讲，是可数名词。
e.g. At the meeting, the leaders from many countries expressed their concern over the spread of the disease. What are your main concerns as a writer? 【拓展】
1) as far as ... be concerned 就……而言
e.g. As far as I’m concerned, Friday would be more convenient.
2) be concerned with sth. 与某事物有关, 涉及某事物 e.g. Her job is something that is concerned with computers.
4 ignore vt. 忽视, 不理, 不顾
e.g. The wisest course would be to ignore it. 最明智的做法是不予理睬
5 calm down 平静下来；镇定下来
e.g. Will you please just calm down? 你可以冷静点吗？
6 go through
e.g. Jim is going through a very difficult time. 经历，遭受
We went through all our money last week and had nothing left to buy the milk. 用完, 花光
Your task is to go through the research in two weeks. 做完 He went through the whole room looking for the wallet. 仔细寻找，搜寻
There’s a mistake somewhere; please go through your papers carefully. 审阅
The plan didn’t go through, so we had to make a new one. 通过
7 set down 写下，记下
Every day John sets down the amount of the money he cost. set 的其他词组： 树立，建立set up 出发，动身set out/off 开始，着手set about
8 in order to & so as to
e.g In order to get a better job, he went abroad for further study. He went abroad for further study in order to get a better job.
He went abroad for further study so as to get a better job. so as to 只用于_句中 ；in order to 可用于句首或句中
9 power n. 能力，力量，权力
e.g. 人类应该依靠自身的力量。 A man should rely upon his own power . 她失去了说话的能力。 She lost her power of speech
总统有权否决议案。
The president has the power to veto bills.
10 get along with sb. (= get on with sb.)
和某人相处的好
11 fall in love with sb. 爱上某人（瞬间） be in love with sb. 与某人相爱（延续）
12 be grate to sb. for sth. 因某事而感谢某人
13 have difficulty( in )doing sth. 重点句型
1. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your
deepest feelings and thoughts?
2. I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve nature.
3. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.
4. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.
5. It/This/That is the first /second…time that＋ 现在完成时 “某人第一／二次做……”
eg. It is the first time that I have been to the airport. It/This/That was the first / second…time that＋过去完成时
eg. It was the second time that I had seen him.
grown so crazy about everything to do with
Unit 2 English around the world
1 辨析travel, journey, trip & voyage
travel用作不可数名词, 只用于泛指从某地去另一地, 如果某人在某段时间里到处走, 可用 travels;
journey用作可数名词, 表示去某地所花的时间和旅行的距离, 尤指较长距离的或定期的旅行;
trip用作可数名词, 表示非定期的, 也许较短的往返旅行; voyage则常指海上旅行或太空旅行。 e.g. Air travel is becoming cheaper. He’s on his travels again.
Lily had a long and difficult journey through the mountains last year.
The kids are going on a trip to the castle.
2 because of
We spent three hours waiting in the rain because of you! Many beautiful fish are fast disappearing because of the severe pollution.
3 native n. 本地人，本国人； adj. 本国的，本土的
e.g.Are you a native of this country, or just a visitor? The giant panda is native to China.
4 even if = (even though)是连词词组，用来引导让步状语从句。 注意：不能与but连用。
He will not let out the secret even if he knows it.
5 come up
Come up to the front of the room, please. 上来, 走近( come up后接宾语时常加介词 to )
The flowers are just beginning to come up. 长出
A few new questions came up at the meeting. 被提出(主动形式表被动含义)
6 base v. 以……为根据, 把基础设在…… base sth. on / upon sth. 以……为根据 常用其被动形式 be based on / upon e.g This book is based on a true story.
Mary always bases her ideas on scientific experiments. 7 present
present adj. 当前的, 现在的 (作前置定语) e.g. Did you see the present national leaders? present adj. 出席的, 在场的(作表语或后置定语) e.g. Our teacher was present at the meeting. 我们的老师出席了会议。
All the people present agree to my plan. 在场的所有人都同意我的计划。 present n. 目前, 现在; 礼物
e.g. What present did you receive from your parents? at present = now = at this time/moment
present vt. 赠与, 赠给予; 给, 提出
present sb. with sth.或present sth. to sb.把……交给, 颁发, 授予 e.g. Mother presented a gift to me just now.
On his birthday, his friends presented him with a series of readers /presented a series of readers to him. 8 make use of 利用
use前可用形容词good, full等修饰
We could make good use of our resources. Every minute shouldbe made good use of.
9 such as用来列举事物时, 一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子 for example用来举例说明某一论点或情况, 一般只举同类人或物中的“一个” 为例, 作插入语, 可位于句首, 句中或句尾, 通常与所给的例子用逗号隔开, 其后的例子可以是从句。
He can speak four languages, such as English and French. There are many kinds of pollution. Noise, for example, is a kind of pollution. 重点句型
1． At first the English spoken in England between about
AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.p10
2． 4. Today the number of people learning English in China
is increasing rapidly. P10
3． 5. Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard
English. P13
1prefer v. 更喜欢
① prefer to do sth. / prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
e.g. I prefer to exercise outdoors.
Unit 3 Travel Journal
Dennis prefers travelling by train.
②prefer sth. to sth. 喜欢某物胜过某物 e.g. I prefer red wine to white. ③prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做某事胜过做某事
e.g. I prefer watching basketball to playing it. ④prefer to do sth. (rather than do sth.) 宁愿做某事(而不愿做某事)
e.g. He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.
2 persuade v. 说服，劝服 ①persuade sb. to do sth. ②persuade sb. into doing sth.
说服某人做某事
③persuade sb. out of sth. / doing sth. 说服某人不要某物/做某事
e.g Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.
Lucy is always easily persuaded. Alice trusts you. Only you can persuade her into giving up this foolish idea. Can you persuade her out of her foolish plans?
3 insist vt.
当insist意为“坚持要, 坚持要求”时, 其后所跟由that引导的宾语从句的谓语常用虚拟语气, 即用“should +动词原形”构成, should 可以省略; 意为“坚持说, 坚持认为”时, 其后所跟由that引导的宾语从句的谓语用陈述语气。
e.g. He insisted that he (should) drive to Beijing by himself.
The boy insisted that he didn’t play football with his friend Tom
yesterday.
4 determine vt.决定，确定
He determined to rescue his two countrymen determined adj. 坚决的, 坚定的 be determined to do sth.
决心去做某事
e.g. She gave me a determined look.
I’m determined to get this piece of work finished today.
5 made up one’s mind made up her mind made up their minds change one’s mind的用法一样
6 give in意为“屈服, 投降, 让步”, 后跟宾语时通常加介词to。 Finally, I had to give in. Don’t give in to his opinion. 【拓展】
give away 赠送, 分发, 泄露 give off 发出(气味、热等) give out 分发, 散发, 耗尽 give up 放弃
【即学即练】 用give短语的正确形式填空。 （1）The wood gave off a sweet smell as it burned. （2）Shegave up her job and started writing novels. （3）The hero would rather die than give in to the enemy.
（4）She was put into prison for giving away state secrets to the enemy.
（5）After a month, my money gave out and there were still no jobs to be found.
重点句型
1.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one.
2.It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.
3.Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.
4.She gave me a determined look – the kind that said that she would not change her mind.
5.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
Unit 4 Earthquakes
1．right away: at once; in no time; immediately right now: at this very moment e.g. Make up your mind right now. I’ll return the book right away.
2 burst v/n
1) The pipes had burst and the house was under two feet of water. 2) The police burst into the room and took the young man away. 3) Hearing the news, the woman burst into laughter. 4) She burst out crying for no reason, which surprised us. 5) There was a burst of laughter in the next room. 【归纳】
burst作动词, 意思是 爆裂(句1); 常用于短语burst into + a room, building, etc. 闯入, 突然破门而入(句2); burst into + n. 突然爆发, 突然……起来(句3); burst out doing 突然……(句4)。burst作名词, 意思是突然一阵(句5), 还可指“爆裂; 破裂之处, 裂口”。 burst into tears=burst out crying burst into laughter=burst out laughing
3as if
1) as if 似乎, 好像 = as though e.g. She spoke to me as if she knew me. 2) as if 引导表语从句，表示“看起来好像” e.g. It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 注意：
（1）Sometimes my sister treats me as if I were a stranger.（虚拟语气）
（2）The boy has been studying for quite a long time. It seems as if he is very tired now.（陈述语气）
4ruin的用法
1) Numbers of people were buried under the ruins in the earthquake. 2) A large number of buildings fell into ruin after the earthquake. 3) Several villages were ruined during the typhoon.
4) This heavy rain ruined our plan to go on a picnic this afternoon. 【归纳】
ruin既可作名词, 也可作动词。作名词, 意为: ①废墟(句1); ②毁灭或破败状态(句2)。作动词, 意为: 毁坏, 毁灭(句 3、句4); 【拓展】in ruins 严重受损, 破败不堪 e.g. The houses across the street were in ruins. 辨析ruin/destroy/damage
destroy, damage, ruin三个词都有“破坏, 毁坏”的意思
destroy多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，不能或很难再修复的意味。 damage 是程度较小的“破坏”、“损坏”，一般指被破坏的物品可以重新修复
e.g. The rainforests are being destroyed at a frightening rate. e.g. Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.
ruin多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭, 侧重破坏的彻底性, 也可用于引申意义。
e.g. Her injury ruined her chances of winning the race. 1) An earthquake left the whole town in ruins. 2) His career is in ruins.
3) Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. 4) Soft wood damages easily.
5. 分数用法
Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake. e.g. More than 61% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. Seventy percent of the workers in this factory are young. 以百分数作为主语的, 谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于百分数后面跟的名词是可数还是不可数的。 请根据提示完成下列句子。
1) One-third (三分之一) of the students in our class are (be) girls. 2) Three-fifths(五分之三) of the soil was washed (wash) away by the flood last night.
3) Half (一半) of the desks in this school are made (make) in his company.
4) Most (大部分的) of the lecture he made yesterday was (be) interesting.
6injure hurt wound辨析
injure一般指因意外或事故而造成损伤，还可用于比喻义，如伤害健康、名誉、感情等。
hurt可指对身体上的伤害, 也指对心灵造成的伤害。
wound一般指外伤, 如刀伤、枪伤等, 尤其指在战争中, 打斗中受伤 1) Tomhurt/injured his leg in a skiing accident. 2) My leg still hurts even after resting it for three weeks. 3) Gunmen killed two people and wounded six others in an attack today.
4) What you said hurt my feeling.
7shock的意思及用法。
1) They had been shocked to hear / learn that the hospital was closing down.
2) He was shocked at the news of Jane’s death. 3) He never recovered from the shock of his son’s death. 4) The whole thing has come as such a shock to me. 5) The shock was felt miles away.
6) She was taken to hospital suffering from shock. 【归纳】shock既可作动词, 也可作名词。
作动词, 意为“使震惊, 使惊骇”, 常用于以下结构: shock sb. to hear / learn +从句(句1); be shocked at sth. (句2)。
作名词, 意为: ① 给人打击的事, 震惊, 令人震惊的事 (句3和句4) (可构成短语come as a shock); ② 震动 (句5) ; ③ 休克 (句6)。
8 trap用法。
1) Twenty miners were trapped underground after the accident. 2) I was trapped into telling him all I knew.
3) If we’re lucky, the thief will fall right into our trap.
4) To break out of the trap they need help from the government. 【归纳】trap既可作动词, 也可作名词。
作动词, 意为: 使陷入困境(句1); 使陷入圈 套, 使中计, 使上当(句2) (常构成短语trap sb. into doing sth.)。 作名词, 意为: 陷阱(句3); 困境(句4)。
9 rescue n./vt.
1) The firemen rescued a baby from the burning house. 2) A rescue team are trying to reach the trapped miners. 【拓展】come / go to one’s / the rescue 援助或帮助某人
重点句型
1. The number of the people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000. P26
2. It seemed as if the world was at an end. P26
3. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. P26
4．It was a city whose hospitals, 75% of its factories and buildings and 90% of its homes were gone. P26
5. Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. P26
6. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. P26
Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
1.devote vt.
(1) devote sth. to (doing) sth. 把时间(钱，精力等)献给某事物。 如：They devoted a great deal of money to the improvement of the railway station. 他们花了一大笔钱来改善火车站的条件。 He devoted all his free time to playing the piano. 他把所有的业余的时间都用来弹钢琴。
(2). devote oneself to sb (doing sth) 献身于或致力于(做)某事。
如：After he graduated, he continued to devote himself to research. 毕业之后他继续致力于研究工作。
He devoted himself to helping the poor. 他致力于帮助穷人。 (3) 喜欢，热爱。如：
She devoted herself to tennis in her teens. 她在少女时代热衷于网球。
(4). be devoted to sb (doing sth) ① 致力于，献身于。如：
The students are devoted to their studies. 学生们专心于习。 ② 喜欢，疼爱。如：
She is devoted to her children. 她疼爱她的孩子
2 out of + n. 短语 out of work 失业 out of control控制不了的 out of date 过时的
out of breath上气不接下气的 out of touch失去联系
out of balance失去平衡
3. “The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, …”
see vt. 目睹, 经历，不用于进行时, 主语通常是表示时间、地点的名词/代词。
e.g. The old house has seen their happy life. 这一所老房子见证了他们的幸福生活。
4vote作动词时, 意为“投票, 选举”
e.g. Whether you vote for or against the plan doesn’t seem to matter very much.
More than half of the people present voted in favor of Jack. As we can’t agree on this matter, let’s vote on it. vote against 投票反对 vote for 投票赞成
vote on 投票表决 vote n. ① 表决
e.g. I doubt if the matter has been decided by vote. ② 选票, 投票
e.g. There were 16 votes in favor of my suggestion, and 15 against.
5attack vt. 进攻; 攻击; 抨击
e.g. The dog often gets angry and will attack anyone who goes close to it.
n. 攻击, 抨击
e.g. Attack is the best form of defence.
6 equal adj. 相等的, 平等的, 能胜任的 be equal to sth. 等于……, 能胜任 …… be equal in sth. 在某方面相等 v. 等于, 和……相等, 比得上 n. 相等的人, 事物, 对手 1) I’m not equal to the position. 我不能胜任这个职务。 2) Not all men are equal in ability. 人的能力并不都是一样的。
) Four plus four equals eight.四加四等于八
4) No one equals him in strength. 论力气, 无人能和他相比。
7 turn to在句中的释义。
1) Let’s turn our attention to the matter at hand. 专心于 2) Please turn to page 25. 翻到(书的某页)
3) When it freezes, water turns to ice. (使……)变成 4) Jack often turns to me when he is in trouble. 求助于 【拓展】
turn on 打开 turn off 关闭
turn up 调高(声音等), 出现 turn down 调低(声音等), 拒绝
【语境应用】用含turn的短语的正确形式填空。 1) To save energy, please turn off the lights when you leave. 2) If Tom doesn’t turn up soon, we shall have to go without him. 3) I had no one to turn to for advice.
4) Bob turned on his computer and checked his mail.
5) The old man was poor but proud, and turned down every offer of help.
6） the personnel manager told him that his application for the job was turned down
7) You should turn your thoughts to study.
8“only+状语”类倒装的归纳
1. “only+副词”位于句首：
Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了
2. “only+介词短语”位于句首： Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有努力工作你才能成功。
Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在阅览室才能找到他 3. “only+状语从句”位于句首：
Only after she died was I able to appreciate her. 只有到她死后我才认识到她的价值。
Only when one loses freedom does one know its value. 一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。
注意：若位于句首的不是only+状语，则通常无需倒装(但有时也可以倒装)：
9 stage名词 n. [C] 1.舞台
Some girls are dancing on the stage. 一些女孩在舞台上跳舞。 2.场所
3.(进展的)阶段;时期 例句：1.表地点
The stage where the girls are going to dance is in the gym. 2.表时期
The stage when he is preparing for his study is really important.
10 escape
vi.逃跑; 逃脱[(+from)]
The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison. 这个士兵从敌人的监狱里逃了出来. vt.逃避; 逃脱; 避免[+v-ing]
We were lucky to escape being punished.我们很幸运,没有受罚. 没有被...注意到; 被...忘掉
The matter has quite escaped my memory.这事我完全记不得了. Her name escapes me.我记不起她的名字了. n.名词逃跑; 逃脱[C][U]
We must cut off his escape.我们必须切断他的退路.
11reward的用法
n. 报答，报偿；报酬 [U,C]
It is unfair that he gets very little in reward for his hard work.
他工作很辛苦，报酬却很少，这不公平。 n.酬金；奖赏 [C]
By rights, half the reward should be mine. 按理说，有一半奖赏应该是我的。 v.报答；酬谢；奖励 [T]
Is this how you reward me for my help? 你就这样报答我对你的帮助吗？ 词义辨析award, reward
这两个动词均有“难予奖励”之意。 award侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。 reward指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。 eg.Eat as a reward for working hard. 用美食作为努力工作的奖励 及物动词
1. Phil was awarded the top prize. 菲尔获得头奖。
2. The judge awarded him $1000 as damages. 法官判给他损害赔偿金一千元。
重点句型
1. Are you willing to do public service work without pay? 2. Are you active in school activities?
3. Do you easily lose heart when you are in trouble? 4. I was worried about whether I would be out of work. 5. The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress.
6. Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. 7. It was dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison for years.
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