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分水岭脑梗死的相关研究进展

2022-10-25 来源:小侦探旅游网
中国卒中杂志 2019年4月 第14卷 第4期395分水岭脑梗死的相关研究进展

徐名扬,颜丙春,苏佩清

分水岭脑梗死(cerebral watershed infarction,CWI)(也被称为边缘带脑梗死),是发生在具有特征性位置的相邻血管供血区交界处的缺血性病变,是临床上常见的脑梗死类型。本文从CWI的高危因素、发病机制、临床分型及表现、影像学检查4个方面回顾了近年的研究进展。其中关于CWI的发病机制、临床分型及表现、影像学检查3方面已日趋完善,但部分高危因素(诱因及原发病等)仍缺乏系统的研究。

分水岭脑梗死;高危因素;发病机制;临床表现;影像学表现 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2019.04.020Advance in Cerebral Watershed Infarction

XU Ming-Yang, YAN Bing-Chun, SU Pei-Qing. Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric diseases, Yangzhou 225009, ChinaCorresponding Author:SU Pei-Qing, E-mail:1715849005@qq.com

Abstract】 Cerebral watershed infarction (CWI) is defined as an ischemic lesion at the border zones between territories of two adjacent major arteries. CWI is a common type of cerebral infarction. This article reviewed the progress in high risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical types and features, imaging characteristics and treatment of CWI in recent years. The systematic and powerful evidence in risk factors and treatment of CWI now still lack, while more research in the other aspects have been done, and pathogenesis, imaging, clinical types and features of CWI are increasing clearer.

Key Words】 Watershed cerebral infarction; High risk factor; Pathogenesis; Clinical manifestation; Imaging characteristics

19世纪末,Pozzi Su等首先将颅内不同关系。另外有研究表明,临床上常见的高尿酸动脉系统间供血相对缺乏的区域称为交界区血症与CWI发生的可能有密切关系[3-

4]。

Zones)。1953年,Schneider M等[1]此外,尚有部分特殊高危因素如嗜酸性粒将两条不同动脉之间的缺血性病灶定义为分

细胞增多综合征、恶性肿瘤和肾脏疾病引起的

水岭脑梗死(cerebral watershed infarction,凝血功能障碍、Kimura病、血吸虫病、烟雾病、CWI)。CWI约占所有缺血性卒中的12.7%。

原发性血小板增多综合征及遗传性疾病如常染色体显性遗传病合并皮质下梗死和白质脑

1 分水岭脑梗死的高危因素

病等[5-

11]。

CWI的常见危险因素与其他类型的脑梗需要指出的是,近年来多项研究指出部分死大致相同,包括高血压、糖尿病、充血性心力手术及药物亦有诱发CWI的可能,尤其是颈动衰竭、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、高脂血症脉内膜剥脱术,被多次报道其与CWI的发病及等,Clothilde Isabel等[2]认为高低密度脂蛋白二次卒中相关[12-14]。CWI亦被认为是心脏骤停胆固醇血症、颈动脉斑块与CWI的发生有密切

复苏后较为多见的缺血性脑疾病之一,而临床

·综述·

基金项目

国家青年自然科学基金江苏省自然科学基金江苏省高校自然科学研究面上项目作者单位225000 扬州

扬州大学医学院中西医结合学系(江苏省中西医结合老年病防治重点实验室)通信作者苏佩清

1715849005@qq.com

【摘要】【关键词】【DOI】【【(81401005)

(BK20140409)

(14KJB310027)(Border Chin J Stroke, Apr 2019, Vol 14, No.4

上广泛用于器官移植后排异反应的环孢素亦可能与CWI相关[15-

16]。

2 分水岭脑梗死的发病机制

传统观念认为,CWI主要由严重的血流动力学障碍(hemodynamic disorder,HDI)、低灌注所致[17]。Greg Zaharchuk等[18]提出,动脉狭窄超过50%时,当有足够的脑灌注压力和血容量,患者可无缺血的表现,当出现血流动力学障碍导致脑灌注明显降低时,易在狭窄的分水岭区域发生脑梗死。除了HDI之外,微栓子学说亦被认为是CWI的重要发病机制之一,Isabelle Momjian-Mayor等[19]认为微栓子

可能来源于颈动脉斑块、心脏甚至更远端血管,微栓子可能堵塞终末血管导致梗死发生,同时认为微栓子体积较小,会首先停滞于分水岭区域。近年来,HDI和微栓子在CWI发病机制中的协同作用学说被越来越多提及,Dimitri Renard等[20]在分析该类机制时指出,HDI导致分水岭区域的微栓子清除率降低,即HDI是CWI的发生基础,为微栓子在分水岭区域停滞提供了条件,两者协同导致了CWI的发生。

部分学者提出CWI可能存在另一种发病机制——颈部或颅内大动脉狭窄或闭塞,即便是某一血管的某个分段发生狭窄,依然可能导

致血流动力学障碍的发生或者微栓子的停滞,故认为该机制为前两种所述机制发挥作用提供了有利的条件[21]。

3 分水岭脑梗死的临床分型及表现

目前,有两种关于CWI的主流分型:第一种是Allie Massaro等[22]于20世纪80年代中期根据CWI的CT表现提出的三类分型,包括皮质前型、皮质后型、皮质下型。此三类CWI的部位都是在小脑幕上,为最常见的幕上分水岭梗死。第二种是将第一种分类法简化后的分型,也是现在应用相对较多的一类分型,即内

分水岭梗死(皮质下型,internal watershed infarction,IWSI)和外分水岭梗死(皮质型,

cortical watershed infarction,CWSI)[23]。

IWSI的责任血管主要为豆纹-大脑中动脉、豆

纹-大脑前动脉、大脑前-脉络膜动脉、大脑中-脉络膜前动脉等,CWSI的责任病灶主要分布在大脑前动脉与大脑中动脉皮质支、大脑后动脉与大脑中动脉皮质支等处[24-

25]。从发病机制来看,IWSI可能主要为血流动力学异常所致,而CWSI的发生更多与微栓子有关[1,26]。临床表现方面,IWSI主要表现为意识障碍、偏瘫、偏盲、偏身感觉障碍等,部分伴有头痛、头昏,Christopher F. Blaind等[27]曾报道多例CWSI患者出现短暂性晕厥和癫痫发作,而CWSI的

患者主要表现为言语、认知功能障碍,头昏症状较多见,部分伴有偏瘫及偏身感觉障碍,极少出现意识障碍。预后方面,IWSI的患者预后明显比CWSI的患者要差,有报道显示,IWSI

的患者更容易发生进展性脑梗死,

究其原因,可能因为皮层供血丰富,侧支循环容易建立,而皮层下深部为深穿支提供血供,其多为终末血管,侧支循环代偿能力差,一旦发生缺血则更容易进展[28-

29]。

上述两类分型,一般用来归纳小脑幕上分水岭梗死,近年来陆续有学者报道较为少见的小脑分水岭梗死。1993年,Samuel

Kadavakollu等[30]首先提出小脑分水岭梗死概念,将发生在小脑供血动脉中两个大血管供血交界区域直径≤2 cm的梗死定义为小脑分水岭梗死,其临床特点包括常见的恶心、呕吐等,亦

有患者伴有共济失调、眼球震颤等,有研究报告显示,孤立性中枢性眩晕在小脑幕下分水岭梗死中较多见[31-

32]。小脑分水岭梗死的预后总体要好于幕上型分水岭梗死,较少见进展。

4 分水岭脑梗死的影像学表现

4.1 分水岭脑梗死的MRI表现 MRI可以明确诊断24 h内发病的CWI。梗死病灶在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI、FLAIR、DWI上均呈高信号[33]。图

3961为Julien Bogousslavsky等[34]所提出的三类CWI的DWI表现,图2为Colin P. Derdeyn等

[23]

所述的两类CWI的DWI表现。

4.2 分水岭脑梗死的CT表现 CWI在CT上表现为低密度影,但由于普通CT在诊断缺血性脑血管方面的局限性,目前已不将CT作为诊断CWI的首选影像学检查,但随着科学技术的发展,CTP和CTA被越来越多地用于CWI的诊断中。图3为同一患者的MRI和其对应的CTP检查结果。图3A为MRI T2提示左侧CWI,图3B、图3C为CTP左侧梗死区域血流及造影剂与右侧正常区域对比,对比结果提示左侧胼胝体区域供血较右侧明显不足。

4.3 分水岭脑梗死的DSA表现 DSA技术已被广泛应用于颅内血管疾病的诊断和治疗中。通过DSA可以明确地找到病变部位的血管,明确病因,并开展后续治疗。CWI的责任血管主要是为颅内大血管,DSA检查一般可见颈内动脉C1、C4段、大脑中动脉M1、M2段、大脑前动脉A1、A2段等部位的狭窄,其中尤以颈内动脉狭窄常见。如图4A为DWI示右侧大脑半球IWSI,图4B为DSA示右侧颈内动脉闭塞,图4C为DSA示颈内动脉起始段重度狭窄。

5 展望

由于日渐增高的发病率,使得现代学者对CWI更为重视。对于CWI,目前研究的方向,主要集中在发病机制和病因两方面,对于影像学表现的研究则更侧重于预防和病例的筛查,同时亦是为发病机制的探索而服务,此外,特殊病因(原发病)导致CWI的发生也是近年来本类疾病的研究方向之一。此外对于CWI,所缺乏的是其治疗方法的研究,目前大多数CWI的临床治疗手段都是基于传统脑梗死,并未形成针对CWI发病机制和病因的独立的治疗体系,因此CWI在溶栓、介入和抗凝三大治疗热点方面的研究仍较为欠缺,在今后,将更多的病例按照临床分型纳入CWI治疗体系的研究十分

中国卒中杂志 2019年4月 第14卷 第4期397皮质后型皮质下型皮质前型图1 分水岭脑梗死患者头颅MRI分型(弥散加权)注:箭头所示部位为梗死灶在DWI上呈高信号

内分水岭梗死外分水岭梗死图2 目前常用简化分型的两种分水岭梗死注:箭头所示部位为梗死灶在DWI上呈高信号

ABC图3 左侧分水岭脑梗死患者的CT及CTP表现

ABC图4 右侧分水岭脑梗死患者的头颅MRI和对应的DSA表现

必要,希望有更多的关于CWI的病例报告、案例回顾甚至荟萃分析及诊疗规范、临床指南等。对于CWI的研究,依然任重而道远。

Chin J Stroke, Apr 2019, Vol 14, No.4

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(收稿日期:2018-06-11)

【点睛】本文总结了CWI临床研究已取得的一些成果、最新进展及未来值得研究的方向。

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