1. put down 放下shut down 把…关上cut down 砍掉come down 下来、落下slow down 减缓、放慢sit down 坐下write down 写下get down 下来,降落
2. after all 毕竟.终究after that 于是.然后day after day 日复一日地one after another 相继.挨次soon after 不久以后the day after tomorrow 后天
3. come up with 找到、提出catch up with 赶上wake up 弄醒、醒来send up 发射open up 开设、开办grow up 长大pick up 拾起、捡起hands up 举手eat up 吃光clean up 打扫干净give up doing sth.=stop doing sth. 放弃做某事
4. arrive at/in + n. 到达get to +n. 到达reach + n. 到达arrive / get +adv. 到达5. get…back 退还,送回去.取回give back 归还come back 回来at the back of 在…的后面on the way (back)home 在回家路上
6. at least 至少at breakfast 早餐时at desk 在桌前at once立刻,马上at school 在上学at the same time 同时at work 在工作be good at=do well in 擅长laugh at 嘲笑not…at all 一点也不at first 起初at night 在晚上at noon 中午
at the age of // when sb. was…years old 在…岁时at last / in the end / finally 最后、终于at the beginning of the twenty-first century 在21世纪初at the end of 在…终点、结尾at the moment // now现在at the foot of 在…脚下at Christmas 在圣诞节
at any moment 任何时候at times(sometimes) 有时,偶尔at the doctor’s 在医务室be bad at不擅长7. for example 例如for ever 永远be good for 对…有益be bad for 对…有害
for long=for a long time 长期for short 简称be short for 是…的简称TV is short for “television”8. come true 实现come down 下来come from=be from 来自,出生于come in/into 进入,进来come on 赶快come over 过来come along 走吧,过来,快点come and go 来来去去come up 上来come out 出来,(花)开,(照片)冲洗出来9. even though=even if 即使、虽然、尽管
10. be pleased with 对…感到满意be covered with 被…覆盖 be busy with忙于做某事
Be filled with 装满 be satisfied with 对….满意 deal with sth. 应对、处理 finish with完成某事be expected to do sth. 被期望做某事well done 干得好
11.be proud of 以…自豪speak highly of 称赞be afraid of 害怕hear of 听说(hear from sb.收到某人的来信)of course=certainly 当然可以plenty of= a lot of 许多
11. by the way 顺便说by oneself 单独,独自by the end of 到…为至by the time (引起时间状语从句)到…的时候one by one 依次by air / plane 乘飞机by bus / train / car 乘公共汽车/火车/轿车catch a bus 赶公交车get on / off the bus上/下车take a bus to…=go to …by bus乘车去12. do / try one’s best 尽力do one’s homework 做家庭作业do (the/some) shopping 购物do the cooking 烹饪do some cleaning 打扫do the / some washing 洗衣服do sport 做运动13. early in the morning 一大早in the early spring 初春in my early days 我幼年时期
14. make a contribution to 贡献给、捐献make a telephone call to sb. // ring sb. up // give sb. a call //phone sb.给某人打电话connect…to…把…与…连接起来be close to 靠近(某地)give birth to 生(孩子)lose to sb 输给sb .
15. either…or… 或者…或者…on either side of the street 街道任何一边on each side of the street 街道每一边on both sides of the street 街道两边
16. keep doing sth. 不停地做某事(表示状态继续)keep on doing sth. 坚持做某事(表示动作反复进行)practise doing sth. 练习做某事enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事finish doing sth. 做完某事go on doing sth. 继续做某事(同一件事)
17. go on to do sth. 接着做某事(另一事)go straight along 沿着…一直往前走go down 下降go for a walk 散步go over 复习go shopping 买东西go to the cinema 去看电影go well 进展顺利go off to 动身前往go out 外出go to work 去上班go up 上升18. think about 考虑think of 认为、想起、考虑、想到think over 仔细考虑think out 想出talk about 谈论worry about 担心How / What about…?…怎么样?19. borrow…from … 从…借…lend…to… 把…借给…from door to door 挨家挨户from time to time 时时from now on 从今以后from then on 从那以后be different from 与…不同learn…from… 向…学习
20. get dressed 穿衣get into 进入get / be lost 丢失get off / on下/ 上车
get on well with sb. 与某人相处得好get out of 从…出来get ready for +n. 为…做准备get ready to do sth. 准备做某事get / go to sleep (fall asleep) 入睡be asleep 睡着get warm 变暧get well 康复get a chance 有机会、得到机会
21. look for 寻找wait for 等候look after=take care of 照看look like 看起来像look over 检查,复习look out 小心,从里向外看look the same 看起来一样
look up 向上看,查单词look around 环视look forward to 期望look through 温习,检查22. set off 出发、动身put off 推迟keep off 避开、不靠近…drop off 放下(某物)turn off 关jump off 跳离take off 脱(衣),(飞机)起飞
23. half a kilo 半千克half an hour 半小时in half 分成两半half of the day 半天
24. do eye exercises 做眼保健操do morning exercises 做早操 take (more) exercise (多)参加体育锻炼an exercise book 练习本
25. take part in 参加hand in 上交in hospital 住院in surprise 吃惊地in the sun 在阳光下in trouble 处于困境in a minute / moment马上26. leave for… 动身去某地
27. feed on 以…为主食live on 继续活着base on 以…为根据carry on 坚持、继续下去and so on 等等on the other hand 另一方面on foot 步行
28. be famous for 以..著名be excited about +n./V-ing 对…感到兴奋be interested in 对…感兴趣be born 出生be busy with sth.=be busy doing sth. 忙于…be amazed at 对..感到惊讶29. move away 移开move to (搬)移到30. search the Internet 上网
31. make sure 确信make a dialogue 编对话make a mistake 犯错误by mistake 由于疏忽make a noise 吵闹make faces 做鬼脸
make friends (with) 和..交朋友make room for 给..让地方make tea 沏茶make money 赚钱make a decision 作出决定
32. used to do sth 过去常常做某事be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事33. leave sth+介词短语 “把……忘记在某处”
34. forget to do sth. 忘记做某事encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事35. hear sb. to do (doing)sth. 听见某人做某事
36. help sb. (to) do sth .//help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事with one’s help 在某人的帮助下with pleasure 乐意
37. the summer holiday(s)vocation 暑假the winter holiday(s)/vocation 寒假38. step into 走进pour into 倒入… put….into 翻译成
divide into分成
translate into翻译成
39. in the first 第一for the first time 第一次at first 起初a firs t language 母语first of all 首先40. leave a message for sb. 给某人留条give / take sb. a message 给某人捎口信41. take photos / pictures 照像take away 拿走take out 取出work out 算出take care 当心take medicine 服药take one’s temperature 量体温take one’s time 别着急take a walk 散步take place 发生42. learn by oneself / teach oneself 自学learn by heart 背熟43. a year and a half (one and a half years ) 一年半
44. have a try 尝试,努力try out 尝试、试验find out 找出,查明
have a good / wonderful / great / time 玩得开心have a (bad) cold (重)感冒have a meeting / walk / watch 开会/散步/比赛have sports 进行体育活动
have nothing / sth. to do with 与..无(有)关have no idea 不知道have (one’s) medicine 服药45. offer sb sth. 给某人提供某物46. win first prize 获一等奖
47. all over the world= around the world =throughout the world 全世界48. all kinds of 各种各样的49. neither… nor 既不…也不….
50. not only … but also … 不但…而且both… and ……和…都51. the more , the better 越多越好52. all one’s life 一生
53. as soon as 一…就…as soon as possible 尽可能早地、尽快as well = too也as much as 至多as little as 至少regard …as 把…当作…as if 好像54. no matter 无论…
55 ever since 从那以后,此后一直56. so far 到目前为止or so大约
57. another two hours (=two more hours ) 又(再) 2个小时58. three times a week 一周三次
59. the number of… 的数量a (large / good) number of / large numbers of / many 许多60. less than少于 , less and less 越来越少
61. …is another way of saying… 什么是..的另一说法 Quick is another way of saying fast. Bike is short for bicycle.
62. not…until… 直到…才…
63. be like 像feel like +n./V-ing 想要like best 最喜欢 , would like to 想要
64. the 24 hour clock 24 小时制65. wash away 冲走run away 逃跑take away 带走66. before long 不久long before / ago 很久以前for long =for a long time 长期no longer = not. .any longer 不再
67. more or less = about 或多或少,大约more than = over 多于,超过68. every year 每年every four years 每隔四年
every other day 每隔一天everyday English / life 日常英语/生活
69. next to 紧挨着next door 隔壁,邻居next year 明年next time 下次70. receive / get / have a letter from sb. = hear from sb 收到某人的来信71. on show = on display 展览72.be filled with / be full of 充满…73. thank to =because of 由于
74. some day =one day (将来)某一天all day 终日day and night 日日夜夜in a day or two 一两天内in the old days 从前,旧社会from day to day (day after day) 日复一日
the day before yesterday 前天the day after tomorrow 后天Tree Planting Day 植树节Women’s Day 妇女节
75. keep / stop / prevent… (from) doing sth. 防止(阻止)…做某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事
76. nice and +adj. = very +adj. 很,非常77. a place (places) of interest 名胜
78. three quarters of the information on the Internet 因特网上四分之三的信息two thirds of the books 三分之二的书
79. credit card 信用卡
80. the increasing population 增长着的人口81. a path of travel 旅行路线82. point at / to 指向
83. by sea = by ship 乘船by the sea = on the sea 在海边at sea在海上84. set one’s mind to do sth. 一心想做某事85. multiply…by… 乘以…
86. See you! 再见You see. 你知道,你明白,你瞧Let me see. 让我想想
see sb. off 给某人送行see a / the doctor 看病see sb . do / doing sth. 看见某人做某事87. some…others 一些(人,物)…其他(人,物)one…another 一个..另一个(三者或以上 )
one…the other 一个…另一个(总数二个) each other彼此
88. be worn out 穿旧,磨坏check out 核实,检查write out 写出take sth. out of 从…拿出/取出某物89. in this way 用这种方法in a few year’s time 几年以后in space 在太空in and out of class 在课内课外in the last fifteen minutes 在最后十五分钟里
in the second half 在下半场later in one’s life 在某人后半身in the air 在空中in the open air 在户外90. give sb. an injection给某人打针 , get an injection打针91. have been to 去过某地have gone to 到某地去了
92. here + be+ 名词+ for+某人 ( Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信.)93. be far behind +某人 (He is far behind others. 他落后于别人)94. one of + adj. 最高级+复数名词
95. take +某物+with +某人 (You’d better take an umbrella with you. 你最好带上雨伞)96. prefer to= like…better than 宁愿,更喜欢
prefer + V-ing (to do sth.) ( I prefer doing (to do) it myself .我喜欢自己做那件事).
Would / should 等情态动词 + prefer +不定式. (I would prefer to do it myself.我宁愿自己做那件事)
prefer +名词(v-ing) + to+名词 (v-ing) (I prefer learning English to playing football.我愿意学英语而不愿踢足球)
prefer +不定式(名词)+ rather than + 不带to的不定式,
(I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我喜欢走着去那里, 而不愿乘车)prefer + 名词(代词) to do sth. (We prefer her not to come.我们宁愿她不来)
97. 人+ spend +time (money) +(in) doing sth. (I spent over two hours (in) finishing my homework.我花了两个多小时完成家庭作业.)
人 + spend + time (money) + on +名词, (He spent 1,000 on the TV set .他花了一千元买电视机)人 + pay + money +for +sth. ( He paid ten yuan for the book .他花了10元钱买那本书.)
It + takes (will take, / took…) + sb. + time (money) + to do sth. (It’ll take you only ten minutes to get there bybus.乘车去那里只花你10分钟)
物sth+ cost + (sb.) + money, (The dictionary cost me 20 yuan .我花20元钱买了那本词典)98. do with + sb. / sth. (What have you done with the pork ? 那些肉你怎么处理了?)99. mind + if 从句, (Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不反对吧?)mind + V-ing, (Would you mind turning on the TV?打开电视你不反对吧?)
100. what…for? / why…? (What do you learn English for? = Why do you learn English?)101. need + 名词 (v-ing), (The students need some help.学生们需要帮助.This pair of shoes needs mending.这双鞋需要修理)
102. “be used for+ 名词(v-ing),”被用来做.. (A writing brush is used for writing.)
“be used as+名词”, 被作为…使用 (English is used as the first language in none of these countries. )“be used by+动作执行者”, 被…使用,
103. be made of 由…制造(This table is made of wood .这张课桌是木制的)
be made from由…制成 (This kind of paper is made from wood . 这种纸是用木材制成的)
be made in+地点, “某地制造”(These cars are made in Germany) be made by+人, “由谁制造的” (This kite is made byKate . )
104. more developed countries发达国家, less developed countries不发达国家, developing countries发展中国家
105. be worth + money (V-ing),值…钱.值得做…
This car is worth more than two million yuan in China. This book is well worth reading.worth reading.这本书很值得一读.
106. the Summer Palace 颐和园Tian’anmen Square 天安门广场the Palace Museum 故宫
the Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂the Temple of Heaven天坛the Great Green Wall 绿色长城Peking Opera 京剧PLA 中国人民解放军PRC 中华人民共和国the Party 中国共产党the League 共青团 The Forbidden City紫禁城 军事博物馆the Military Museum the Palace Museum故宫
107. a digital camera 数字照相机a doctor for animals = an animal doctor 动物医生108. so + 形/副+that 从句
(The place is so cold that nothing can grow in winter .这地方太冷,冬天什么都不长)so + many / few+ 复数名词 +that从句
(He has so many books that I don’t know which one to borrow. 他有那么多书,我不知道借哪一本)so + much / little+ 不可数名词+that从句
(She has so little money that she can’t buy anything .她钱太少,什么也买不到.)so+ 形容词 +a / an +单数名词 +that从句
(This is so good a book that all of us like reading it )such +a / an+ 形容词+单数名词+ at从句
(This is such an interesting story that all of us like it)
such +形容词+复数名词+that从句. such +形容词+不可数名词+that从句 (It is such fine weather today that many childrenare playing outside)
109. tell sb about sth.告诉某人关于某事 , tell sb+从句, tell sb. to do sth.让某人做某事
tell a lie说谎 , tell a story讲故事 , thank you for +n ./V-ing 谢谢你… too + adj. / adv. + to + v.太…而不能, toomuch(修饰名词)太多,过分 , much too(修饰adj./adv.)太
110. hope / wish+不定式(或从句), wish sb. to do sth. What do you mean by…?= What does… mean?…是什么意思?
一、接不定式（而不接动名词）作宾语的24个常用动词afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事agree to do sth. 同意做某事arrange to do sth.安排做某事ask to do sth. 要求做某事beg to do sth. 请求做某事care to do sth. 想要做某事
choose to do sth. 决定做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事
demand to do sth. 要求做某事determine to do sth. 决心做某事expect to do sth. 期待做某事fear to do sth. 害怕做某事help to do sth. 帮助做某事hope to do sth. 希望做某事learn to do sth. 学习做某事manage to do sth. 设法做某事offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事plan to do sth. 计划做某事prepare to do sth. 准备做某事pretend to do sth. 假装做某事promise to do sth. 答应做某事refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事want to do sth. 想要做某事wish to do sth. 希望做某事
注：有些不及物动词后习惯上也接不定式，不接动名词：aim to do sth. 打算做某事fail to do sth. 未能做某事
long to do sth. 渴望做某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事hesitate to do sth. 犹豫做某事struggle to do sth. 努力做某事二、接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事bear sb. to do sth.忍受某人做某事beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
注：不要受汉语意思的影响而误用以下动词句型：
汉语说：“害怕某人做某事”，但英语不说fear sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“原谅某人做某事”，但英语不说excuse [forgive] sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“拒绝某人做某事”，但英语不说refuse sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“惩罚某人做某事”，但英语不说punish sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说suggest [propose] sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“赞成某人做某事”，但英语不说approve sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“通知某人做某事”，但英语不说inform sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“欢迎某人做某事”，但英语不说welcome sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“坚持某人做某事”，但英语不说insist [persist] sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“希望某人做某事”，但英语不说hope sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“安排某人做某事”，但英语不说arrange sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“要求某人做某事”，但英语不说demand sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“感谢某人做某事”，但英语不说thank sb. to do sth.。
汉语说：“祝贺某人做某事”，但英语不说congratulate sb. to do sth.。汉语说：“阻止某人做某事”，但英语不说prevent sb. to do sth.。要表示以上意思，可换用其他表达：
汉语的“原谅某人做某事”，英语可说成excuse [forgive] sb. for doing sth.。汉语的“希望某人做某事”，英语可说成wish sb. to do sth.。汉语的“建议某人做某事”，英语可说成advise sb. to do sth.。汉语的“安排某人做某事”，英语可说成arrange for sb. to do sth.。汉语的“要求某人做某事”，英语可说成demand of sb. to do sth.。汉语的“感谢某人做某事”，英语可说成thank sb. for doing sth.。
汉语的“祝贺某人做某事”，英语可说成congratulate sb. on doing sth.。汉语的“阻止某人做某事”，英语可说成prevent sb. from doing sth.。三、接动名词（不接不定式）作宾语的34个常用动词
admit doing sth. 承认做某事 advise doing sth. 建议做某事allow doing sth. 允许做某事 appreciate doing sth. 感激做某事avoid doing sth. 避免做某事 consider doing sth. 考虑做某事delay doing sth. 推迟做某事 deny doing sth. 否认做某事discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事 dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事enjoy doing sth. 喜爱做某事 escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事excuse doing sth. 原谅做某事 fancy doing sth. 设想做某事finish doing sth. 完成做某事 forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事forgive doing sth. 原谅做某事 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 keep doing sth. 保持做某事mention doing sth. 提及做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事miss doing sth. 错过做某事 pardon doing sth. 原谅做某事permit doing sth. 允许做某事 practice doing sth. 练习做某事prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事 prohibit doing sth. 禁止做某事put off doing sth. 推迟做某事 report doing sth. 报告做某事risk doing sth. 冒险做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事
suggest doing sth. 建议做某事 understand doing sth. 理解做某事
四、接现在分词作宾补的20个常用动词
bring sb. doing sth.引起某人做某事 catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事 feel sb. doing sth. 感觉某人做某事find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事 get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事 listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事 notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人做某事observe sb. doing sth. 观察某人做某事 prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事 send sb. doing sth.使某人（突然）做某事set sb. doing sth. 使（引起）某人做某事 start sb. doing sth. 使某人开始做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 watch sb. doing sth. 观五、接动词原形作宾补的11个常用动词feel sb. do sth. 感觉某人做某事 have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事 let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事 look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做某事
observe sb. do sth. 观察某人做某事 see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事watch sb. do sth. 观察某人做某事察某人做某事
六、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思相同的12个动词like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜欢做某事love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜欢做某事hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恨做某事prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 宁可做某事begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 开始做某事start to do sth / start doing sth. 开始做某事
continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 继续做某事
can’t bear to do sth / can’t bear doing sth. 不能忍受做某事bother to do sth / bother doing sth. 麻烦做某事intend to do sth / intend doing sth.想要做某事attempt to do sth / attempt doing sth. 试图做某事cease to do sth / cease doing sth. 停止做某事
七、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词
(1) remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事(2) forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事
(3) regret to do sth. 后悔（遗憾）要做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔（遗憾）曾做过某事(4) try to do sth. 设法要做某事 try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果(5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事(7) go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事 go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事
注：stop to do sth. 与stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停下来去做某事，后者指停止正在做的事，但stop to do sth. 中的不定式不是宾语，是目的状语。八、可接双宾语的38个常用动词
(1) 双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词 award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况
throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信(2) 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物
注：有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，既可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，含义相同，如bring，play等：
Bring me today’s paper. = Bring today’s paper to [for] me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。
He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought for [to] us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。
有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，即可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，含义不同，如leave等：
They left me no food. = They left no food for me. 他们没给我留一点食物。My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me.
我叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。
而有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to引出间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语，如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等：
He allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子的钱太多。He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。
This caused me much trouble. 着给我带来了许多麻烦。
He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了5美元。His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你的好运。
They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。He refused her nothing. 她要什么就给什么。九、可用于“动词+sb+of sth”的8个常见动词accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人犯某事（罪），指责某人做某事cheat sb. fo sth. 骗取某人某物
cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的病，改掉某人的坏习惯inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某情况（事）remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某情况（事）rid sb. of sth. 使某人摆脱某物rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人的某东西
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人有某情况
十、可用于“动词+sb+for doing sth”的8个常见动词blame sb. for doing sth. 指责某人做某事criticize sb. for doing sth. 批评某人做某事forgive sb. for doing sth. 原谅某人做某事excuse sb. for doing sth. 原谅某人做某事pardon sb. for doing sth. 原谅某人做某事punish sb. for doing sth. 惩罚某人做某事
scold sb. for doing sth. 指责（责备）某人做某事thank sb. for doing sth. 感谢某人做某事
十一、可用于“动词+sb+into doing sth”的9个常见动词
cheat sb. into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事 trick sb. into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事food sb. into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事 force sb. into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事argue sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 talk sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事terrify sb. into doing sth. 威胁某人做某事 frighten sb. into doing sth. 吓唬某人做某事persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事十二、容易误用作及物动词的9个不及物动词
误：deal a problem 正：deal with a problem 处理问题误：depend sb. 正：depend on sb. 依靠（依赖）某人误：insist doing sth. 正：insist on doing sth. 坚持要做某事误：knock the door 正：knock on [at] the door 敲门误：operate sb. 正：operate on sb. 为某人做手术误：participate sth. 正：participate in sth. 参加某事误：refer sth. 正：refer to sth. 查阅（参考)某物
误：rely sb. / sth. 正：rely on sb. / sth. 依靠（依赖）某人（某物误：reply a letter 正：reply to a letter 回信注：在某些其他用法中，以上有的动词也可能及物，如insist, reply等动词后可接宾语从句，operate表示“操作”、“管理”等时则及物。
十三、容易误用作不及物动词的8个及物动词
误：serve for sb. 正：serve sb. 为某人服务误：marry with sb. 正：marry sb. 与某人结婚误：discuss about sth. 正：discuss sth. 讨论某事误：mention about sth. 正：mention sth. 提到某事误：enter into a room 正：enter a room 进入房间误：contact with sb. 正：contact sb. 与某人联系误：equal to sth. 正： equal sth. 等于某物误：ring to sb. 正：ring sb. 给某人打电话注：有个别词在用于其他意义时，可以是不及物的，如enter into可以表示开始进入或从事某一状态或活动，或用于较抽象的概念。如：
The country entered into a state of war. 这个国家进入战争状态。
I can enter into your feelings at the loss of your father. 我理解你失去父亲后的心情。The two old men entered into a long conversation. 两位老人开始长谈起来。十四、17个常用“be+形容词+about”结构
be angry about 为……生气 be anxious about 为……担忧be careful about 当心…… be certain about 确信……
be curious about 对……好奇 be disappointed about 对……失望be excited about 对……感到兴奋 be glad about 对……感到高兴be happy about 为……感到高兴 be hopeful about 对……抱有希望be mad about 对……入迷 be nervous about 为……感到不安be particular about 对……讲究 be sad about 为……而难过be serious about 对……认真 be sure about 对……有把握be worried about 为……担忧
十五、10个常用“be+形容词+at”结构
be angry at 为……生气 be bad at 不善于……
be clever at 擅长于…… be disappointed at 对……失望be expert at 在……方面是内行 be good at 善于……be mad at 对……发怒 be quick at 在……方面敏捷be skilful at 在……方面熟练 be slow at 在……方面迟钝十六、18个常用“be+形容词+for”结构
be anxious for 渴望 be bad for 对……有害，对……不利be bound for 前往 be celebrated for 以……出名be convenient for 对……方便，在……附近 be eager for渴望be famous for 因……闻名 be fit for 合适，适合be good for 对……有益（方便） be grateful for 感谢be hungry for 渴望得到 be late for 迟到
be necessary for 对……有必要 be ready for 为……准备好
be sorry for 因……抱歉 be suitable for 对……合适（适宜）be thankful for 因……而感激 be well-known for以……出名十七、6个常用“be+形容词+from”结构
be absent from 缺席，不在 be different from 与……不同be far from 离……远，远远不 be free from 没有，免受be safe from 没有……的危险 be tired from 因……而疲劳
十八、13个常用“be+形容词+in”结构
be concerned in 与……有关 be disappointed in 对（某人）感到失望be engaged in 从事于，忙于 be experienced in 在……方面有经验be expert in 在……方面是行家 be fortunate in 在……方面幸运be honest in 在……方面诚实 be interested in 对……感兴趣be lack in 缺乏 be rich in 富于，在……方面富有be skilful in 擅长于 be successful in 在……方面成功be weak in 在……方面不行
十九、18个常用“be+形容词+of”结构
be afraid of 害怕 be ashamed of 为……感到羞愧be aware of 意识到，知道 be capable of 能够，可以
be careful of 小心，留心 be certain of 确信，对……有把握be fond of 喜欢 be free of 没有，摆脱be full of 充满 be glad of 为……而高兴be nervous of 害怕 be proud of 为……自豪be short of 缺乏 be shy of 不好意思
be sick of 对……厌倦 be sure of 肯定，有把握be tired of 对……厌烦 be worthy of 只得，配得上
二十、20个常用“be+形容词+to”结构
be accustomed to 习惯于 be blind to 对……视而不见
be close to 靠近，接近 be cruel to 对……残酷，对……无情be devoted to 献身，专心于 be equal to 等于，能胜任be familiar to 为（某人）所熟悉 be harmful to 对……有危害be important to 对……重要p; be open to 对……开放，易受到
be opposed to 反对，不赞成 be opposite to 在……对面，和……相反be polite to 对……有礼貌 be related to 与……有关（是亲戚）be respectful to 尊敬 be rude to 对……无礼
be similar to 与……相似 be true to 忠实于，信守be used to 习惯于 be useful to 对……有用
二十一、16个常用“be+形容词+with”结构
be angry with 对（某人）生气 be bored with 对……厌烦be busy with 忙于 be careful with 小心
be concerned with 关于，与……有关 be content with 以……为满足
be delighted with 对……感到高兴 be disappointed with 对（某人）失望be familiar with 熟悉，精通 be honest with 对（某人）真诚be ill with 患……病 be patient with 对（某人）有耐心be pleased with 对……满意（高兴） be popular with 受……欢迎be satisfied with 对……满意 be strict with 对（某人）严格二十二、24个常用“in+其他词+of”结构
in advance of 在……前面 in aid of 帮助
in behalf of 为了，为了……的利益 in case of 如果，万一，以防in celebration of 庆祝 in charge of 负责，管理in commemoration of 纪念，庆祝 in defence of 保卫in explanation of 解释 in face of 面对
in favour of 赞成，主张 in front of 在……前面in honor of 纪念，祝贺，欢迎 in memory of 纪念in need of 需要 in place of 代替in possession of 拥有 in praise of 称赞
in respect of 关于，就……而言 in search of 寻找，搜找in sight of 看得见，在看见……的地方 in spite of 虽然，尽管in support of 为了支持（拥护）…… in view of 鉴于，考虑到注：同时注意一下相似结构：
in exchange for 作为对……的交换 in preparation for 为……作准备in return for 作为……的报答 in reward for 作为……的报酬in addition to 加之，除……之外 in answer to 回答，响应
in contrast to [with] 与……形成对比 in opposition to 与……相反，反对in reply to 作为对……的回答（答复） in response to 回答，响应in [with] reference to 关于 in [with] regard to 关于二十三、27个带to doing sth.的常用结构1．动词+介词to+动名词
(1) admit to doing sth. 承认做了某事
(2) apply to doing sth. 适用于做某事(3) object to doing sth. 反对做某事(4) see to doing sth. 负责做某事(5) stick to doing sth. 坚持做某事
(6) take to doing sth. 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事2．动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
(1) apply oneself to doing sth. 专心致力于做某事(2) devote sth. to doing sth. 把……献给做某事(3) devote oneself to doing sth. 献身于做某事
(4) limit sth. to doing sth. 把……限制在做某事的范围内(5) reduce sb. to doing sth. 使某人沦为做某事
3．动词+名词+介词to+动名词
(1) give one’s life to doing sth. 献身于做某事(2) give one’s mind to doing sth. 专心做某事(3) have a dislike to doing sth. 厌恶做某事(4) have an eye to doing sth. 注意做某事
(5) have an objection to doing sth. 反对（反感）做某事(6) pay attention to doing sth. 注意做某事(7) set one’s mind to doing sth. 决心做某事
4．be+形容词+介词to+动名词
(1) be equal to doing sth. 等于做某事，能胜任做某事(2) be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事(3) be opposed to doing sth. 反对做某事
(4) be reduced to doing sth. 使某人沦为做某事
(5) be devoted to doing sth. 把时间（钱，精力等）献给做某事(6) be limited to doing sth. 把……限制在做某事的范围内5．其他结构+介词to+动名词
(1) get down to doing sth. 开始做某事，认真处理某事(2) look forward to doing sth. 盼望做某事
(3) What do you say to doing sth? 你认为做某事如何？
1.remind sb. of 提醒某人…，使某人向想起
2. in good repair(=in good condition) 处于良好状态 be under repair 在修理中3. reply to 答复，回答 4.be familiar with 熟悉，了解 be familiar to
5. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于6. in addition (=besides) 此外，又in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than) 除…外 7. in advance 预告，事先8. take advantage of利用 9. agree with 赞同（某人意见） agree to 同意10. ahead of time 提前 38. above all (=especially)尤其是，最重要的。
39. in all ( altogether) 总共，总计40. after all 毕竟，到底 41.(not) at all 一点也不45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安；46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉47.apply for 申请
第二部分 倒装句
倒装句的定义：倒装句是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装.一：完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词，而非助动词)。例如：1：The teacher came in and the class began.(没有倒装)In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来，然后开始上课。)
2）：当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如： 1. Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2. Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。
例：Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。) Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。) 二：部分倒装解析
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。 Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about(疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活)
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法： 例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。) In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
4)一些如scarcely……when, no sooner ……than, hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。 注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。
5)此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意：
a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装： 例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。) b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装： It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不)，则无须倒装。
Hardly any people invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)
6) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：
I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。)7) 由as引导的部分倒装句：
a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。
Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么快!)
b) 当 as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功，但他还是没及格)
c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。
Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.
(因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。) d) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是” She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。) so, neither, nor倒装
除了构成上述倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句： He promised to finish my homework, so did I.
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so /such和that之间的部分： 例：So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her.
c)也存在such+be+主语的情况用以强调，例如Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人) d) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：
1) 完全倒装时：表示\"也不\"，和上文a)用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。 例：You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。) 在“there be”(或there + appear to be，come，exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be) 雪结构中，倒装形式为完全倒装。 There were many students in the reading room in this evening. 今晚阅览室里有许多学生。
There is a TV set, a stereo system and a number of chairs in the sitting room. 客厅里有一台电视机，一套组合音响和一些椅子。 here，there，now，then等引起的倒装
在以here,there,now,then等简短副词引起的句子中(前三个须用一般现在时)，动词往往是be,come,go等时， 这类句子大多带有引起注意的含义。如： Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你久盼的信在这儿。
但要注意：如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。如： Here they are. 他们在这儿。
8）省略if的非真实条件状语从句中的倒装
虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were, had, should须移至主语之前。如： Had you worked harder at college, you would have got better job. 如果你在大学期间读书用功些，现在就会找到一份更好的工作。 Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position. 要是他的条件再好些，他就申请这个职位。 9)否定词位于句首时引起的倒装
(1). never，seldom，hardly，little，few等引起的倒装
否定词never，seldom，rarely，hardly，barely，scarcely，little，few等位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如： Never shall I forget the days when you were with us. 我很少有时间去看电影。
(2). nowhere，no longer，no more等引起的倒装
nowhere(无处)，no longer(不再)，no more(也不)等否定词位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式： No longer was he in charge of this work. 他不再负责这项工作了。
(3). not until，not a，not in the least等引起的倒装
not until(直到……才)，not a(一个……也没有)，not in the least(一点儿也不)，not for a
minute/moment(一点儿也不)等位于句首时，通常引起倒装(not a之后的名词作主语时除外)，其形式通常为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如： Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on strike. 一直到所有的要求遭到拒绝之后，工人们才决定罢工。
Not once did he talk to me. 他一次也没有和我谈过。
(4). under no circumstances，by no means，in no way等引起的倒装
in/under no circumstances(无论如何不)，by no means (决不)，in no case (无论如何不)，in no way (决不)，on no account (决不可)，on no condition(决不)等短语位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如： In no case must force be resorted to. 决不准许诉诸武力。
By no means is it true that all English people know their own language well. 并非所有的英国人都通晓本国语。 关联连词位于句首时引起的倒装 (1). not only...but also引起的倒装
not only...but also位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时形式或一般过去时形式，则为完全倒装形式。如： Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
我们不仅应该不怕困难，而且应该尽最大努力去克服它们。 (2). neither...nor引起的倒装
neither...nor位于句首引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如：
Neither Peter wanted the responsibility，nor did his wife. 彼得不想担此责任，他妻子也不想担此责任。 (3). hardly...when/no sooner...than引起的倒装 hardly/scarcely/barely...when
sooner...than位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如：
Hardly had he arrived when/No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again. 他刚到就又被请走了。 (4). so...that引起的倒装
so...that位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如：
So angry was he (He so angry) that he couldn’t speak. 他如此愤怒，以致说不出话来。 (5). such...that引起的倒装
such...that位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装形式。如：
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken. 爆炸的威力如此之大，以致所有的窗户都被震破了。 6 only引起的倒装
当副词only位于句首并修饰状语或宾语时，引起句子的倒装，其形式通常为部分倒装，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则为完全倒装。如： Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。 Only yesterday did I finish this the book. 到昨天我才读完那本书。 7.状语从句中的倒装 (1).让步状语从句中的倒装 as引导的让步状语从句中的倒装：
在as引导的让步状语从句中，位于句首的可以是形容词、名词、副词，还可以是谓语动词的一部分，从而形成从句的部分倒装。如：
Tires as he was, he continued the work. 虽然他累了，但是仍然继续工作。 8.the more...，the more...结构中的倒装
在以the more...， the more...引导的倒装结构中，采用部分倒装;如果主句的主语较长，可将谓语动词置于主语之前，形成完全倒装。如：
The more books you read(宾语提前)，the wider your knowledge is(表语提前).书读得越多，知识就越渊博。
倒装句练习题精选
1. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realized
2. Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
3. If you don't go， neither ____.
A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall
4. No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left.
A. had I got， when B. I had got， than C. had I got， than D. did I get， when5. -- Your father is very strict with you.
____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours.
A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he
6. ____ today， he would get there by Sunday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave7. Never in my life ____ such a thing.
A. I have heard or have seen B. have I heard or seen
C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see
8. -- Here ____! Where is Xiao Liu?
There ____.
A. comes the bus，is he B. comes the bus, he is
C. the bus comes，is he D. the bus comes，he is
9. ____ ， I will not buy it.
A. Much as do I like it B. As much I like it C. Much as I like it D. As I like it much10. -- I like football. I don't like volleyball.
____.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So it is with me D. So is it with me
11. _____ the expense， I _____ to Italy.
A. If it were not， go B. Were it not for， would go
C. Weren't it for， will go D. If it hadn't been， would have gone
12. So _____ in the darkness that he didn't dare to move an inch.
A. he was frightened B. was he frightened C. frightened he was D. frightened was he
13. -- In modem times， girls like beautiful clothes.
Yes, _____ and . After all, our life has greatly improved.
A. so do they，so do you B. so they do，so you do
C. so do they，so you do D. so they do,so do you
14. -- You have an English class every day except Sunday.
_____.
A. So we have B. So we do C. So have we D. So do we
15. I wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife _____， so _____ mine.
A. does， will B. will， does C. will， would D. does， do
16. Only after I read the text over again _____ its main idea.
A. that I knew B. did I knew C. 1 could know D. I did know
17. -- You seem to have learned all the English words by heart.
_____ .
A. So l do B. So do l C. So I have D. So have I
18. -- I seldom watch TV， but listen to the radio a lot.
_____ .
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. I m the same D. So it is with me
19. So excited _____ that he couldn't say a word.
A. he seemed B. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look
20. Jimmy was so nervous not a single word _____ down in the dictation.
A. he wrote B. he was written C. did he write D. was he written
21. Little ______ when 1 took the trip where it would lead me.
A. have I known B. had I known C. do 1 know D. did I know
22. -- Have you ever seen anything like that before?
---- ____.
A. No， I never have seen anything like that before
B. No， never I have seen anything like that before
C. No， never have 1 seen anything like that before
D. No， I have seen anything like that before never
23. _____ ， 1 would accept the invitation and go to the party.
A. Were I you B. Was I you C. Had I been you D. Would 1 be you
24. You should work less _____.
A. and neither should I B. and so should I C. and nor should I D. and so I should25. _____ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumpedC. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
26. Not only _____ a promise， but also he kept it.
A. did he make B. he made C. does he make D. has he made
27. His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. _____.
A. So is his aunt B. So has his aunt
C. So his aunt does D. So it is with his aunt28. Not once _____ their plan.
A. did they change B. they changed C. changed they D. they did change
29. -- Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
I don't know, and ______ .
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
30. Not until he arrived home _____ he find that this wallet had been stolen.
A. did B. would C. when D. that
参考答案
1~5 BDACA 6~10 CBBCC 11~15 BDDBA 16~20 BADBC 21~25 DCABC 26~30 ADABA （二）强调句
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分.此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语.
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.典型例题
It was last night ___ I see the comet.A.the time B.when C.that D.which
答案C.强调句的结构是：It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句.强调句的连词只有两个,that和who.当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 \"who\其余用that.
原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语：It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调宾语：It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间：It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.(注意不用when) 强调地点：It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.A.that B.when C.since D.as
答案C.考点是连词用法.本题易误选为A.that.其实本句不是强调句.若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子.而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada.不成句.因此本句不是强调句.It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is has been was had been.强调句练习题
1. My bike is missing. I can't find ____ anywhere. A. one B. ones C. it D. that 2. —— Who's that？ ____ Professor Li.
A. That's B. It's C. He's D. This's
3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning. A. It B. He C. She D. That
4. —— Have you ever seen a whale alive？ Yes, I've seen ____.
A. that B. it C. such D. one
5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours. A. this B. that C. it D. one
6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. You
7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government. A. that B. this C. its D. it
8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing. A. that B. it C. which D. what 9. ____ four years since I joined the Army. A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is
10. How long ____ to finish the work？
A. you'll take B. you'll take it C. will it take you D. will take you 11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang. A. who B. whom C. how D. that
12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting. A. where B. that C. in which D. on which
13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded. A. which B. when C. as D. that
14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave？ A. and B. that C. that's D. so
15. Mary speaks in a low voice； ____ is difficult to know what she is saying. A. it B. that C. so D. she
16. It was ____ I met Mr. Green in Shanghai. A. many years that B. many years before C. many years ago that D. many years when
17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.
A. It， all B. It， that C. There， who D. There， that 18. So ____ that no fish can live in it. A. shallow is the lake C. shallow the lake is
B. the lake is shallowD. is the lake shallow
参考答案
1~5 CBADB 6~10 ADADC 11~15 DBDBA 16~18 CBA（四）虚拟语气
英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，或不可能发生的情况。一．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时（虚拟语气中be→were）主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。If we had time now, we would read it again.If I were you, I would work hard.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词；主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形；主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.（2）省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.二．虚拟语气用在名词性从句中1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词（名词，过去分词）+that+主语+should+动词原形（should可以省略）这种结构中。
常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.
常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame. It was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
①wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三种：表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句
表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could have done表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形Iwish it were spring all year round.I wish it would be fine tomorrow.She wished she had stayed at home.
②在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist（要求）, order, prefer, command, ask, request.
The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.三．虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用
1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与主句同时发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形（从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生）主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时（从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前）He talks as if he knew all about it.
She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。It is time that we went home.
此句型中，注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。This is the first time that I have been here.
3.would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但愿）。Would rather +主语+一般过去时（表示与现在或将来相反）Would rather +主语+过去完成时（表示与过去相反）I’d rather he didn’t go now.
I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。虚拟语气练习题精选
1. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished2. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for3. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone
4. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set5. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /
6. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off.A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
7. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to Beijing for the Sars soon.A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent8. It is important that we _____ wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting9. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been10. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be11. _____ today, he _would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
12. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved13. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.A. would B. should have C. may D. have14. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were15. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent16. A few minutes earlier and we ____ the rain.
A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch17. --- “Have you ever been to Beijing?” --- “No, but I wish I _____”A. have B. will C. do D. had
18. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .
A. I may have failed B. I’d fail C. I’d have failed D. I’ll have failed19. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?” --- “I don’t know, but it’s high time _____ something.”A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide20. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow21.But for their help, we ______ the program in time.
A . can not finish. B. will not finish C. hand not finished D. could not have finished22. The doctor recommended that you ____ swim after eating a large meal.A. wouldn’t. B. couldn’t. C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
24. But for the help of my English teacher, I ____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A . would not win. B. would not won. C. would win. D. would have won.25. ----Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?
----She ____ in the classroom. I saw her there just now.A. shall be. B. should have been. C. must be. D. might have been.（五）主谓一致
语法讲解：主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Hisfather is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is （are） helpful to you.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：（1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come. （2）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.
4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America.
5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意：a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“……的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
二、逻辑意义一致原则
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）
1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：and a half apples is （are） left on the table.
5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于
形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。三、就近一致原则
在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1. 当两个主语由either …… or， neither …… nor， whether …… or ……， not only …… but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right？
2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
主谓一致练习
1.Each of you ______ responsible for the accident. a. am b. be c. is d. are
2.Each man and woman ______ the same rights. a. has b. have c. had d. is having
3.Every means ______ tried but without much result. a. has been b. have been c. are d. is 4.There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture
5.The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go. a. were b. are c. was d. be
6.Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball. a. am b. is c. are d. was
7.Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home. a. is b. are c. has d. was
8.Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting. a. attends b. attend c. are attending d. have attended 9.______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher 10.“______ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “I suppose so.” a. Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were
11.Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task.a. are b. has c. is d. were 12.Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank.
a. has been kept b. is being kept c. have kept d. have been kept 13.All that can be done ______.
a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done 14.One or perhaps more pages _______.
a. is missing b. has been missed c. are missing d. was missing 15.More than one worker ______ dismissed. a. have been b. are c. has been d. has
16.Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language. a. have realized b. has realize c. have been realized d. has been realized 17.The gas works ______ near the city.
a. is b. are c. were d. be18.The surroundings of his house ______ clean now. a. is b. are c. was d. were
19.The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours. a. has argued b. has been arguing c. have argued d. have been arguing
20.The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims. a. is b. was c. are d. has been 21.Cattle ______ on the hillside.
a. grazes b. is grazing c. was grazing d. were grazing 22.Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal. a. is b. are c. was d. has been
23.Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness. a. is b. are c. were d. have been
24.The Philippines ______ to the south-east of China. a. lies b. lie c. lay d. lays
25.Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on timea. is b. am c. are d. was 26.Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted. a. is going b. are going c. has been going d. have been going 27.What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone b. were stones c. was stone d. was stones 28.Wisky and soda ______ his favorite drink. a. is b. are c. were d. have been 29.______ is to attend our evening.
a. both the singer and the dancer b. Either the singer or dancers c. The singer or dancers d. The singer and dancer
30.The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came. a. had b. has been having c. are having d. were having 31.No one except two students ______ the meeting.
a. has been late for b. have been late for c. was late for d. were later for 32.All but him and me ______ to the exhibition. a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going
33.Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job. a. are b. were c. is d. was
34.The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______. a. have arrived b. are arriving c. had arrived d. has arrived 35.A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked b. was parked c. are parked d. has parked
36.the number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing. a. is b. are c. were d. have been
37.The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health. a. are believed b. had believed c. has believed d. believe
38.The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair. a. is b. are c. were d. be
39.Four-fifths of the crop ______.
a. are ruined b. was ruined c. were ruined d. have been ruined 40.Three-fourths of the buildings ______.
a. was destroyed b. is destroyed c. were destroyed d. has been destroyed 41.Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy, happy and wise. a. making b. to make c. make d. makes
42.Mathematics ______ the language of science. a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
43.The young ______ the vital forces in our society. a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
44.Every man, woman and child ______ some history, enough at least, to survive in the world. a. knows b. know c. is known d. are known 45.None of them ______ my friends. a. is b. are c. was d. has been
46.Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe , indeed the whole human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems.
a. need b. needs c. has a need d. have a need
47.Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems. a. involve b. involves c. involving d. to involve
48.In that country, the rich ______ richer, the poor, poorer. a. become b. has become c. becomes d. is becoming
49.The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult. a. has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in
50.Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______ likely to develop it. a. should be b. must be c. is d. are
1 C 19 D 37 D 2 A 20 C 38 A 3 A 21 D 39 B 4 D 22 B 40 C 5 C 23 A 41 D 6 C 24 A 42 D 7 B 25 C 43 C 8 A 26 A 44 A 9 D 27 D 45 B 10 B 28 A 46 B 11 C 29 D 47 B 12 D 30 D 48 A 13 B 31 C 49 A 14 C 32 C 50 C 定语从句
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住： 1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析： The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist. Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing . The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster.
（=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）注： A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。 1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. （2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school. A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。 1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. （2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school. 3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard. 5．在非限制性定语从句中
AI met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan. B．主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二．指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析： 1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun. 2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good. 3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.) A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that. (1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。 Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li. The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son. C． 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。
（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people. I have told them all (that) I know.
（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know. All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。 The first book that I read last night was an English novel. （3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。 This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen. This is the best that can be done now.
（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about. There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
（5）如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ? D．只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that （1）关系代词放在介词之后
This is the factory in which we once worked. （2）非限制性定语从句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun. （3）that，Those作主语时
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E．先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays. 三．比较When/which、where /which、why. which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party. which he spent reading the books. where I found the book. which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。)
All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。
（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。） 从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。） 与主句关系密切，不用逗号 与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与
主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略 关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which 先研究下面两个例句：
1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。
2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom
物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：
1． 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。 2． 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，
1．He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2． The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as） 3．The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as）
4．He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）
5．As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。 =Books such as this are … =Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。 4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。 “One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：
1． That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2． This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990. 3． She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4． This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one) He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers) 2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one) This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms) as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.
4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。 She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
（六）状语从句
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。 现分别列举如下:
1、时间状语从句
常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2、地点状语从句
常用引导词:where
特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3、原因状语从句
常用引导词:because, since, as, for
特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4、目的状语从句
常用引导词:so that, in order that
特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5、结果状语从句
常用引导词:so that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.
6、条件状语从句
常用引导词:if, unless,
特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7、让步状语从句
常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won't listen whatever you may say.
8、比较状语从句
常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
9、方式状语从句
常用引导词:as, as if, how
特殊引导词:the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
状语从句专项练习50题1. -What was the party like?
-Wonderful. It's years __________I enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. before C. when D. since
2. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______Father was away in France. A. as B. that C. during D. if
3. Why do you want a new job __________you got such a good one already? A. that B. where C. which D. when
4. After the war, a new school building was put up ___________there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when
5. You will be late ______________you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or
6. ___________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is
7. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______________great it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
8. We won't give up ______________we should fail ten times. A. even if B. since C. whether D. until
9. She doesn't speak ____________her friend, but her written work is excellent.
A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as10. He'll be happy ____________he may be. A. when B. if C. because D. wherever 1-5 DADBA 6-10 DCAAD
11. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______________. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is arriving D. is going to arrive12. The volleyball match will be put off if it _______________. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
13. Remember to send me a photo of your son next time you ____________to me. A. write B. will write C. are writing D. would write
14. If city noises __________from increasing, people ___________shout to be heard even at the dinner table in 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not deep; will have to D. do not deep; have to15. I need one more stamp before my collection ____________. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed16. As she _________the newspaper, Granny _________asleep. A. read, was falling B. was reading, fell C. was reading, was falling D. read, fell
17. If it __________for the snow, we ___________the mountain yesterday. A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could climb C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb18. -If he _________, he ___________tat food.-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. had driven; wouldn't have got19. It is 50 years _____________the People's Republic of China was founded. A. after B. before C. when D. since
20. ___________the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear. A. The moment B. Before C. Till D. For
21. Not until I began to work __________how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C.I didn't realize D. I realized
22. Not until all the fish died in the river __________how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize23. -Why do you drink so much coffee?
-Well, _________it doesn't keep me awake in the nights, I see no harm in it. A. although B. if C. unless D. while
24. It was __________it rained heavily that they didn't come. A. as B. because C. for D. since
25. Why not buy a cheaper one, _____________you don't have enough money? A. since B. because C. for D. though26. It is ten years ____________I left home. A. when B. after C. since D. as
27. He speaks English _____________he speaks his mother tongue. A. so good as B. as good as C. so well as D. as well as28. Try _______he might, he couldn't get out of difficulty. A. when B. where C. till D. as
29. __________I saw the computer, I showed great interest in it.
A. At first B. For the first time C. Until D. The first time
30. I don't think you'll be able to understand this formula(公式) ____________you finish school. A. as if B. only when C. even D. even when 21-25 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD
31. I often visited Tian'an Men Square ____________I was staying in Beijing. A. until B. during C. while D. throughout
32. He always thinks I'm wrong, _____________I may say. A. no matter whatever B. whatever C. what D. that33. __________the rain has stopped, let's continue to work. A. For B. Now that C. That D. Because
34. ____________, I am sure that the boy is honest. A. Whatever people say B. No matter people say C. What people say D. It doesn't matter people say35. I knew Mr. Green _____________I knew Mrs. Green. A. long before B. before long C. long ago D. after long
36. They waited __________it was dark before leaving, _________they didn't want anyone to see them leave.A. since; because B. until; as C. unless; for D. so; because37. __________often you ring, no one will answer. A. How B. However C. Whom D. Whenever38. I will never stop ______________they might like it. A. no matter how B. how C. what D. though
39. Father was ________busy in working __________he often forgot rest or meals. A. very, that B. so, that C. such, as D. enough, as
40. We made a decision __________there would be rain, we should stay at home. A. that B. if C. that if D. whether 31-35 CBBAA 36-40 BBABC
41. I usually watch TV in the evening ____________I have to study for an examination. A. because B. unless C. while D. the moment
42. I had lived there for over thirty years ___________I wanted to return to my motherland again. A. until B. after C. while D. when
43. It was a long time _____________I went to sleep again. A. when B. while C. before D. until
44. He must be ill, ____________he looks so pale. A. since B. because C. as D. for
45. I'll take no steps ___________you arrive. A. and B. since C. until D. while
46. You will catch cold _____________put on more clothes. A. if you B. if you will not C. unless you D. until you
47. ________he woke _________slept, this subject is always in his mind.
A. If; and B. Both; and C. Either; or D. Whether; or
48. We had hardly got to the station __________it began no rain. A. until B. since C. while D. when
49. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem __________they themselvescouldn't.
A. once B. then C. while D. if
50. My name is Robert, ___________most of my friends call me Bob for short. A. then B. instead C. however D. but
答案：1-5 DADBA 6-10 DCAAD 11-15 BBAAD 16-20 BCBDA 21-25 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD 31-35 CBBAA 36-40 BBABC 41-42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD
（七）非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、 动词的过去分词：done
二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）
不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态
不定式
主动被动
一般式to doto be done
完成式to have doneto have been done
进行式to be doing
ing 形式主动被动
doingbeing done
having donehaving been done
过去分词被动done
四、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
五、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)
六、非谓语动词的做题步骤
1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.
学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。 动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 B
b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：
It’s no good / use doing sth. It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
2、 分词作表语
记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失望)，move （感动），
如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3、 在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
非谓语动词专项练习50题
1. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, ______ fun. ( A. had B. have C. to have D. having
2. ---What should I do with this passage?
--- ________ the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out
3. I really can’t understand _______ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
4.Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________.
A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra jobC. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John 5. The wild flowers are like a soft orange blanket _______ the desert. A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover
6. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______.
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
7. When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
8. The lecture mainly deals with the trouble young children have ______ right from wrong. A. distinguished B. to distinguish C. distinguishing D. to be distinguished
9. The residents approve of the measures _______ so far in our city, _______ to bring a sharp rise in oil prices. A. having been taken; intended B. to be taken; intendingC. taken; to intend D. taken; intended
10. in the fresh air from the sea, we walked along the seashore and happily.
A. Breathing； chatting B. Breathed； chattedC. Having breathed; chatting D. Breathing； chatted
11. The students were standing still and watching the national flag being raised, _______ their school uniforms.
A. all of them wore B. all were wearingC. all of whom wearing D. all wearing
12. If you haven’t finished the project, then it’s better left _____.
A. being unmentioned B. to be unmentioned C. unmentioned D. to have unmentioned13.‘Things ______never come again!’ I couldn’t help talking to myself.A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
14. ______ these pictures,I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Being and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more beautiful.
A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen15. Do you think it any good ______ with him again?
A.to talk B.talking C.to talking D.having talked
16. Walking and running are the oldest and newest, excellent _________ exercise for all ages and fitness levels.
A. bodies shaping B. body shaping C. bodies shaped D. body's shape17.The day we looked forward to ______ .
A.come B.coming C.has come D.have come18.The man kept silent in the room unless ______ .
A.spoken to B.spoke to C.spoken D.to speak
19.When ______ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and said nothing. A.been asked B.asked C.asking D.to be asked20.There is a river ______ around our school.
A.to run B.run C.running D.to be running
21.The question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday. A.discussed;discussed B.discussing;had discussed C.being discussed;discussed D.discussing;discussing
22. Have you ever changed an answer on a test, _____ out later that your first answer was the right one? A. only to find B. finding C. have found D. to have found23. You'd better fix your attention on the things you find ______.
A.to be worthy of doing B. worth doing C.worthy to do D. worth being done
24. ______ the best in a science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $ 21, 000. A．To be judged B．Judged C．Having judged D．Judging
25. A few yards down Colson Street, she caught sight of a figure ________ in the opposite direction. A. to hurry B. to be hurrying C. hurrying D. having hurried26. ________ the whole passage, so that you will get a general idea of it.
A. Scanning B. To scan C. Scan D. Having scanned
27. William Beebe, one of the first men ________ the depth of the sea in a bathysphere, got interested in oceanography because of one book.
A. exploring B. having exploring C. to be exploring D. to explore
28. twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been examined
29. The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing should have attracted the
government’s attention.
A．solving B．solve C．to solve D．solved
30. On stepping into the classroom, she was astonished to find the desk ______ with something unknown. (A. covered B. covering C. to cover D. to be covered
31. The comments the expert made ______ stock-market bothered him greatly, ______ him not fall asleep all night.
A. concerning, making B. be concerned, which made C. concerned, making D. to be concerning, made
32. _____ to our surprise, he went over all his notes in such a short time, ______ for the next day’s examination.
A. Very; preparing B. Much; prepared
C. Greatly; to be prepared D. Rather; being prepared
33. Have you heard of it? Firefighters rushed into a burning house, three of them unfortunately ______ in and ______ their lives.
A. caught; losing B. catching; lost C. caught; lost D. catching; losing
34. We reached the top of the mountain after two hours’ climbing, and out of breath. A. tiring B. being tired C. tired D. to be tired
35. With no agreement _____, the leaders in the six-side talks will spend another two hours, _____ in the hotel, _____ the nuclear problem of North Korea.
A. reaching; locking; discussing B. reaching; locking; having discussed C. reached; locked; discussing D. reached; locked; discussed
36. A recent report found that women graduates are 50% more likely than non-graduates childless throughout their lives.
A．remained B．remaining C．remain D．to remain
37. Which do you prefer, your weekends, playing computer games or watching TV?
A．spending B．spend C．being spent D．to spend38. to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
39. Sichuan Province, _____ in southwest China and _____ an area of 485,000 kilometers with the largest population in China, is one of the largest and most inaccessible provinces in China.
A. located; covered B. locating; covering C. located; covering D. locating; covered40. What worried the child most was to visit his mother in hospital. A. not his being allowed B. his being not allowedC. his not allowing D. his not being allowed
41. The woman admitted, after several hours of questioning, _______someone else’s credit card. A. having used B. being used C. have used D. to have used42. ______, the concert began.
A. The listeners having taken their seats B. Having taken their seatsC. Having taken their places D. Taking their seats
43. Honey, why not bring along some skincare cream for the trip? To my knowledge, ___________to sunlight in Hainan will surely burn your skin.
A．after having been exposed B．being exposed C．exposed D．having exposed
44. _____ to the party and the people, Ren Changxia was respected and loved by almost all the people who knew her.
A. Devoting B. Devoted C. Devote D. To devote45. The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, after 11 pm.
A．from staying out B．to stay out C．staying out D．stay out
46. Changes ______to the construction laws in Los Angeles have strengthened the city’s buildings and47. highways , _______them more resistant to quakes.
A. making; made B. being made; to make C. made; made D. made; making
47. _______ the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Imperial Tombs has a long history, which ______ a visit. A. Dated back to; is worth B. Dating back to; is worthy C. Dating from; is worthy of D. Dated from; is worthy of
48. Of the 2000 stock investors _______ last month，90％was found _______ in financial Knowledge．
A．surveyed；lacking B．having been surveyed；lacking C．surveyed；lacked D．to have been surveyed：lacked49. --Can the project be finished as planned?
--Sure. it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. A．To have got B．To get C．Getting D．Having got
50. Shopping, when properly ,can save us a lot of time and energy. A．being done B．is done C．doing D．done
1-5DCDAA 6-10BCCDD 11-15DCAAB 16-20BCABC 21-25CABBC 26-30CDCDA 31-35ABACC 36-40DDDCD 41-45AABBB 46-50DCABD
八：名词性从句 名词性从句是语法的重点和难点，名词性从句相当于名词，可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有：连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which，有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等；连接副词：when, where, why, how，有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语；连接词：that, whether, if, as if，if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分；that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略. 名词性从句的用法
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）, 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）.以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever连接副词：when, where, how, why不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：
Whether与if 均为\"是否\"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首；2. 引导表语从句
3. Whether从句作介词宾语；4. 从句后有\"or not\"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
二、具体分类1．主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
【典例1】(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.A. since B. what C. when D. whether
【答案】D
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时：经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示，不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。
【典例2】(2008·山东卷)_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.A. It B. This C. What D. As
【答案】C
【解析】she told me是插入语，可删除。what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that
It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词，因该主语从句不缺成分，且句意完整，故应用不作任何成分的连词that。2．宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大
致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。（1） 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
【答案】C
【解析】create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除。因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。
Could I speak to ______ is in charge of International Sales please?A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，因此填whoever。（3）用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
（4）注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：
he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
（5）think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中
的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3．表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
【典例1】 (2009·山东卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother.
A. where B. what C. how D. who
【答案】A
【解析】remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。【典例2】(2008·天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park.
A. where B. how C. when D. why
【答案】C
【解析】was后为表语从句，此处when与the last time相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。4． 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知，空格处是同位语从句的引导词，修饰中心名词request，且在句子中不充当成分，故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求，即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。三、对比与用法
1．同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
2．that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……It is important that… 重要的是……It is obvious that… 很明显……b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……It is known to all that… 从所周知……It has been decided that… 已决定……c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……It is a fact that… 事实是……d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that… 似乎……It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。3．否定转移
（1） 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
（2）将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。【备考策略】
考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义，因为在对于名词性从句的考查中，引导词在句子中都起作用，有意义，因此在分析句子结构，对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后，最后还是要选择引导词；另外还要注意以下几点：
1．what 引导词的考查，尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。2．Whether和if 的区别，尤其注意他们的不同之处。3．名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。4.句子语序和时态。具体说：
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句
(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句
2.掌握连词的含义及分类
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义，称为有义连词，如what表“……的内容”，when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地点”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎样”，who表“谁”，if, whether表“是否”；没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词，无义连词只有that一个。
3.掌握名词性从句的语序名词性从句用陈述语序。4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句，应掌握它们之间的关系。
if ,whether表\"是否\"时引导名词性从句；if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句；whether表“无论是否；不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句；when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句，where表“……的地方”，且修饰行为动词时，引导地点状语从句；when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。【专题突破】
考查名词性从句时，经常考查连接词的选用。解题时应先判断从句的类型，然后判断从句是否缺少成分以及意义是否完整，最后根据引导名词性从句的连词的特点确定特定的连接词。要求学生在做题中要注意如下几点：
1.分析结构，辨析名词性从句和状语从句；2.理解句意，正确区别引导词；
3.按照句意，出现那个引导词意思，便选择那个引导词。【专题巩固】
1.A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .
A. if B. when C. that D. which
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. A when B. which C. where D. what
3．The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
4．Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event .A. why B. what C. who D. that
5．The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. A. that B. what C. which D. where
6．The book is meant to _______needs it .
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom
7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.
A. how B. what C. which D. that
8．The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress.
A. that what B. what C. that D. what that
9．_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem .
A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what
10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what
11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game.A. that B. which C. what D. why
12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today?—Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care.
A．What; that B．That; that C．What; what D．What; which
13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of .
A．what B．which C．where D．that
14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country
A. when B. that C. whether D. how
15. —Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport?—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
【参考答案及解析】
1. C 句意：我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头，用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开，增加了试题难度。此外，部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分，故错选D为答案。2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。
3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句，从句中缺主语句意为：政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。
4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语，宾语从句中不缺主干，故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句（固定搭配除外），所以排除D。
5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，
6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语，部分学生，因为只看到介词to，误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。
7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句，从句中缺少takes的宾语，构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。8. A本题句子结构比较复杂，“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句，同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句，故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一
个真理，即，一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。
9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题.
10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。
11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。
12. C先将句子结构理清楚，it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断，第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式；第二个空则是表语从句，表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意：病人好多了，是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。
13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句，误选C．where。而reached是及物动词，后边接的是宾语从句，宾语从句除去插入语they thought，应该缺主语。
14.B 考察同位语从句，表达A plan的具体内容，has been put forward将名词与从句隔开，加大了难度。
15. B考查同位语从句。此处是由that引导的同位语从句，表示“你有没有可能来机场接我？”. 九： 祈使句与感叹句
一、祈使句的分类
祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句分为第二人称祈使句及第—、三人称祈使句两大类。1．第二人称祈使句通常用来向听话者发出命令，提出要求或建议。这种祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来，而是以动词原形开头。如：Stand up!
Don’t worry about!
2．第一、三人称祈使句是以第一人称和第三人称代词或者名词等作为祈使的对象，这类祈使句通常以let为引导词表建议。如：Let’s go! Let us go home!Let him be here by 10 o’clock．二、祈使句的强调形式及否定形式
祈使句的强调形式是在整个结构之前加do。如：Do be careful!Do Stop talking!
Do give my regards to your parents!务必／一定代我向你父母问好!祈使句的否定形式是在整个结构之前加don’t或never。如： Don’t you be nervous!你不要紧张!
以let为引导词的祈使句的否定形式通常是在Let’s或Let us／me后加not。如：Let’s not waste our time arguing about it! 咱们别浪费时间争论这事了!Let’s not say anything about it! 这事咱们谁也别说!
但英式英语也用这样的表达：Don’t let’s say anything about it.三、祈使句的反意疑问句
1．祈使句的反意疑问部分为肯定形式，要用shall，will。如：Pass me the book，will you?
2．Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为“Shall we?”。如：Let’s go for a walk，shall we?Let’s forget it，shall we?
3．Let me和Let us 表示第二人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为“will you?”。如：Let us go for a walk，will you?
4．其它行为动词引起的祈使句，无论其陈述部分是否定还是肯定的祈使句，多用“will you?”，表一种客气的语气。如：Listen to me，will you?
Don’t tell anyone about it，will you?四、祈使句用于两个重要句型中
1．“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。
2．“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件，or(else)表示“否则；要不然”。试比较：Hurry up and you’ll catch the train. (＝If you hurry up，you’ll catch the train．)Hurry up，or you’ll miss the train．(＝If you don’t hurry up，you’ll miss the train．)五、祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语
当祈使句由直接引语变成间接引语时，其常用结构为“ask／request／tell／order sb(not)to do sth”。如：“Speak loudly，please!” the teacher said to me．(＝The teacher asked me to speak loudly．)
“Don’t smoke in the meeting room!” he said to Tom．(＝He told Tom not to smoke in the meeting room．)强化训练：
1. The TV is too loud. Please________.
A. turn it down B. to turn it down C. turn down it D. to turn down it2. _______ late again, Bill!
A. Don't to be B. Don't be C. Not be D. Be not
3. _______ cross the road until the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Won't C. Doesn't D. Don't4. Please help me carry it, ______?
A. will I B. will you C. shall I D. shall we5. Don't make so much noise, ______?
A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do you6. Do you know the girl ______under the tree?A. stand B. to stand C. standing D. stood
7. Kate, _______ your homework here tomorrow. A. bring B. brings C. to bring D. bringing8. ________ me the truth, or I'll be angry. A. Telling B. To tell C. Told D. Tell
9. I've kept the dog _______Maomao for a long time. A. Name B. named C. naming D. to name
10. Don't you know that _______ is good for our health? A. swim B. swimming C. swam D. swims
答案1-5. ABDBA10. CADBB句型转换练习
11. Will you please read it again more slowly? (改为祈使句) _____ ____ again more slowly, please.12. If you don't listen to me, I'll go. (改为同义句) _____ _____ me, or I'll go.
13. Let's watch the sports games, _____ _____?(改为反意疑问句)
14. The teachers often tell the students not to be careless. (改为祈使句) _____ _____careless, please.15. Please sit next to Nancy. (改为否定句) _____ _____ next to Nancy.
16 Don't forget to turn off the lights, _____ _____?(改为反意疑问句)17. If you move, you'll die. (改为同义句) _____ _____, or you'll die.
18. Come to my house tomorrow, _____ _____?(改为反意疑问句)答案11. Read it12. Listen to 13. shall we 14. Don't be 15. Don't sit16. will you 17. Don't move 18. will you/ won't you 十：感叹句
由 what 引导的感叹句，其句子结构可分为以下三种:
1. 可用句型:“ What + a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!”。
如: What a nice present it is! 它是一件多么好的礼物啊! What an interesting book it is! 它是一本多么有趣的书啊!
2. 可用句型:“ What +形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语!”。如: What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊! What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子啊!
3. 可用句型:“ What +形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!”。如: What fine weather it is today! 今天天气多好啊! What important news it is! 多重要的新闻啊!
二、由 how 引导的感叹句，其句子结构也分为三种:
1. 可用句型:“ How +形容词 / 副词+主语+谓语!”。如: How careful she is! 她多么细心... 一、由 what 引导的感叹句，其句子结构可分为以下三种: 1. 可用句型:“ What + a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!”。如: What a nice present it is! 它是一件多么好的礼物啊! What an interesting book it is! 它是一本多么有趣的书啊! 2. 可用句型:“ What +形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语!”。如: What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊! What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子啊! 3. 可用句型:“ What +形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!”。如: What fine weather it is today! 今天天气多好啊! What important news it is! 多重要的新闻啊! 二、由 how 引导的感叹句，其句子结构也分为三种: 1. 可用句型:“ How +形容词 / 副词+主语+谓语!”。如: How careful she is! 她多么细心啊! How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊! 2. 可用句型:“ How +形容词+ a/an +可数名词单数+主语+谓语!”。如: How beautiful a girl she is! 她是个多么漂亮的姑娘啊! 3. 可用句型:“ How +主语+谓语!”。如: How time flies! 光阴似箭! 由 what 引导的感叹句与由 how 引导的感叹句有时可以转换，但句中部分单词的顺序要有所变化。如: How beautiful a girl she is! = What a beautiful girl she is! What delicious cakes these are! = How delicious these cakes are! 三、有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。 如: Good idea! (好主意!) wonderful! (太精彩了!) Thank goodness! (谢天谢地!)
十一： 时态（Tense）
英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)： 现在
一般时studystudiesstudied
进行时am studyingis studyingare studyingwas studyingwere studying
完成时have studiedhas studiedhad studied
完成进行时have been studyinghas been studyinghad been studying
过去
将来
shall have shall have been
shall studyshall be studying
studiedstudying
will studywill be studying
will have studiedwill have been studying
should studyingwould studying
be should studiedbe would studied
have should have
studying
have would have
studying
been been
should
过去将study
would 来
study
时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。一. 一般现在时用法：
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征B) 习惯用语C) 经常性、习惯性动作
B) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。C) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用. 常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
D) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事情
时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.二. 一般过去时用法：
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）
时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。三. 现在进行时(be doing)
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构：am/is/are+doing
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时：
用法：
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）
时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing五、现在完成时(have done)用法：
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。注意事项
现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.基本结构：have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或has。六. 过去完成时(had done)
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 基本结构：had + done.
否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首七、一般将来时：
概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
③、be to do ④ be about to ⑤、一般现在时表将来⑥、现在进行时表将来。 否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。分别用法：
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于现在进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月）
C ) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。 例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.E) \"be to do\"表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. 例：2005年6月大学四级第65题
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要八、过去将来时：
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.
否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should提到句首。九现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）
注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
十、将来完成时(will have done)
用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例 The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted
以下六种时态考察较少：
十一. 将来进行时(will be doing)
用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考\"一般将来时\"和\"现在进行时\"的有关注意事项。
十二、将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）十三、过去完成进行时：had been doing
例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）十四、过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）
十五、过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）十六、过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。
十二： 重点词汇练习题
34. It was such a funny show that people couldn't help ____________again and again. A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing
【解析】选C考查固定搭配。can’t help doing sth. 意为“禁不住做某事”，此处句意为：这是一场如此有趣的表演,以至于人们忍不住笑了一次又一次。故选C.
42. — It's time for the weather report. Could I _____________ the TV, Dad?— Go ahead, please. I also want to know about the weather for tomorrow. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn down
【解析】选A考查短语动词的辨析。turn on意为“打开”；turn off意为“关闭”；turn down意为“调小（音量等）”. 由答语可知爸爸也想看电视了解天气状况，因此此处需要用表示“打开（电视）”的短语动词.故选A.
38. When you leave the reading room, you should remember to ______ the lights. A. turn on B. turn down C. turn off
【答案】C
考查动词短语的用法。turn on意为“打开”；turn down意为“关小”； turn off意为“关上”。根据句意：当你离开阅览室时，你应该记住把灯关上。故选C.
42. Jimmy has sixteen broken bikes to _______ and give away to kids who don’t have bikes. A. fix up B. set up C. put up
【答案】A
考查动词短语的用法。fix up意为“修理，改进”；set up意为“建立，创立”；put up意为“建造，张贴”。根据句意：吉米有16辆坏了的自行车需要修理，他把他们分给没有自行车的孩子们。故选A. 45.-- Smoking is bad for your health.--You're right. I decide to_________.
A. take it down B. find it out C. turn it off D. give it up【答案】D
25. My grandpa is sleeping. Will you please_____the radio?A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on
【答案】A
41. I love this song by Lady Gaga. Would you the TV a bit, please? I can't hear it clearly. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn up D. turn down
【答案】C
28.Mrs. Wang always asks us to _____ conversations in the English classes．A．make up B．turn up C．end up D．look up【答案】C
25. My grandpa is sleeping. Will you please _____the radio?A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on
【答案】A
32.We should learn how to ______well with people around us.A.get along B.get down C.get to D.get up
【答案】A
28. — I don’t think we can find a new day to work out the problem. — But we’d better not ______ .
A. end up B. hand out C. give up D. put out
【答案】C
36. ---Peter, the light in your room ____________ the whole night. What were you doing? ---Oh, I was busy writing a report.
A. turns on B. turned on C. is on D. was on
【答案】D
40. After winning the badminton championship at Wuhan Sports Center in May, the Chinese players\" faces _____ with joy.
A. made up B. took up C. put up D. lit up
【答案】D
37. Lee ____ all night in order to watch the football match between France and Italy.A. put up B. stayed up C. got up D. showed up 【答案】B
23. It’s cold outside. You’d better ______ your coat. A. put on B. take off C. put away
【答案】A
考查动词短语辨析。put on意为“穿上；上演”；take off意为“脱下；起飞”；put away意为“收拾”.根据句意“外面冷，你最好穿上外套”。故选A。
12. It’s cold outside. You’d better ______your coat and scarf.A. work out B. put out C. have on D. put on
【答案】D
13.—Excuse me, Sir. But smoking is not allowed here.
— Sorry, I didn’t see the sign. I’ll _____my cigarette at once. A. put out B. put away C. put up D. put off
【答案】A
14. Maggie wanted an evening job that would allow her to ______ her son during the day.A. look at B. look around C. look after D. look out【答案】C
10. —Allen, your bedroom is in a mess?—Sorry, Mum I’ll _____my things at once.
A. put on B. put away C. put out D. put up【答案】B
5. Don’t forget to take your bag when you _____the bus. A. get off B. take off C. turn off D. put off
【答案】A
8. Cao Wenxuan’s new book has just . Let’s go and buy one. A. come over B. come down C. come on D. come out
【答案】D
10.—Don’t _____ my children. Keep working hard and you will win the match.—Thank you, Mr. Zhang. We’ll try our best. A. put up B. call up C. set up D. give up
【答案】D
34. More and more students ______ too much homework and they are really tired of it.A. complain about B. care about C. learn about D. hear about 【答案】A
13.David wrote a story about teenage life, and it ____ as a book in 2003. A.went out B.came up C.grew up D.came out
【答案】D
22. Can go and find out when the plane to New York_____ ?A. puts off B. gets off C. takes off D. breaks off【答案】A
13. —Which hobby do you think ______ the least time?
—Collecting stamps.
A. takes up B. tidies up C. gives up D. makes up
【答案】A
42. -- It's time for the weather report. Could I _______ the TV, Dad?
-- Go ahead, please. I also want to know about the weather for tomorrow. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn down D. turn up
【答案】A
41. I love this song by Lady Gaga. Would you _____ the TV a bit, please? I can’t hear it clearly. A. turn on B. turn off C. turn up D.turn down【答案】C
37. — It’s too cold today.
— Yes, why don’t you ____your coat? A. put on B. put up C. take off D. take up
【答案】A
16. —Your sweater looks very nice. What’s it made__________?—Wool, and it’s made__________ Guiyang.
A. from, on B. of, in C. of, on D. from, in
【解析】D. 短语的固定搭配be made of后接的名词看得出原材料；be made from后接的名词经过化学反应，看不出原材料；be made in后产地。因此选择D答案。20. My sister is ill. I have to _______her at home.
A. look at B. look up C. look after D. look for
【解析】C. 考查对短语的理解。C答案符合句意。
40. —Hi, Ann! I won the first prize in the 'English Speech Contest. —Congratulations! And I guess your parents must _____ you.
A. be mad at B. be proud of C. be angry with D. be impolite to【答案】B
31. —Why did you come back so early today? —The English party was _____ till next Friday. A. put up B. put off C. put out D. put down
【答案】B
13. Whenever I see the birds, I’ll______ flying in the sky. A. think up B. dream of C. work on D. pick up
【答案】B
43. Attention please. The plane will ______ in five minutes. A. take out B. take after C. take off D. take care
43.C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。take out“拿出”；take after“与……相像”；take off“脱下，起飞”；take care“当心，小心”。句意“请注意，飞机将在五分钟后起飞”。故选C。 52.—Could you please _______the music? My baby is sleeping.—Sorry. I will do it right away.
A. open up B. turn down C. drop by D. dress up
52.B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。open up“开阔，打开”；turn down“把（声音等）拧小”；drop by“顺便拜访”；dress up“打扮”。句意“－请你把声音关小好吗？我的孩子正在睡觉。－对不起，我马上关小。”故选B。23.—Ted, Could you please________the trash?—Of course, Mom.
A.take after B.take off C.take out D.take care of
【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语。take out the trash 意为“取出垃圾”。30. Don't ___________ the bus until it stops,A. turn off B. put on C. get off D. set up
【答案】C
31.if you love what you are doing and work hark, you will _____ anything difficult and succeed. A. get to B. get over C. get on D, get up
【答案】B
25. The workers in the Huashan Mountains have to ______ rubbish to keep the mountains clean. A. turn up B. pick up C. mix up D. give up
【答案】B
4. I’m not sure when the plane will ________ and when it will land. A. take off B. run off C. open up D. stay up
【答案】A
32. It is a good habit that we should never _____ today’s work till tomorrow. A. put on B. put off C. put up D. put down
【答案】B
35. We have never visited the museum, but we have ______ it. A. stood for B. belonged to C. heard about D. kept to答案】C
21. He failed in the math test and looks sad. Let's ________. A. put him up B. set him up C. cheer him up D.clean him up
【答案】C
19. We have to ______ our sports meeting till next week because of the heavy rain. A. take off B. get off C put off D. set off
【答案】C
22. Let me ____your phone number and I'll call you when I'm free.A. cut down B. turn down C. look down D. write down 【答案】D
27. – Please ____________ the paper, Jimmy! –But 1 haven't checked It yet, Mr. Black.
A. hand in B. take out C. look at D. go through
【答案】A
31. —So many problems! I'm too tired.
—You should try to___________ them by yourself. You're not a child any longer.A. get over B. get off C. get on D. get into
答案】A
25. — Jenny, would you please_______ my dog when I am away?— No problem.
A. look up B. look in C, look at D. look after
【答案】D
35. You don’t have to worry about me. I’m old enough to _____ myself. A. look after B. look for C. look up D. look at【答案】A
36. It’s impolite to cut in line when you ________ a bus at the bus stop.A. ask for B. look for C. care for D. wait for【答案】D
25. My baby is sleeping. Will you please_____the radio?A. turn B. turn up C. turn on D. turn down
【答案】D
28. — I don’t think we can find a new day to work out the problem. — But we’d better not____ .
A. end up. B. hand out C. give up D. put out答案】C
十三：强化训练
1:How did the audience receive the new play?------They got very______.
A: excite B:excited C: excitedly D: exciting2:If a story is______, you’ll become___when you read it. A: moving; moved B: moved; moving C: moving; moving D: moved; moved3:Dr. Jones has a ______ daughter.
A: three-years-old B: three years-old’s C: three years old D: three-year-old
4: ___ little water is not enough for ____ many people. A: Such; so B: So; so C: Such; such D: So; such5: The price of this book is very_____. A; cheap B: dear C: high D: good6:The two girls are so____ like each other. A: very B: such C: much D: well
7:He had got used to living____ in the mountain. A: lonely B: alone C: along D: long
8:They have never been to the Great Wall. How they wish to go and visit it______!A: sometimes B: some time C: sometime D:some times9: Do you always take a walk after supper?-----Not always, only _______.
A: sometimes B: some time C: sometime D:some times10: The boy stood____ except that his lips movedslightly. A: calm B: quiet C: silent D: still
11:The doctor asked him to open his mouth____.
A: wide B: widely C: more wider D: much widely
12:The kite flied___ in the sky and we all spoke___ of its designer. A: high; high B: highly; highly C: high; highly D: highly; high
13:He realized that he had bought his shoes___ large. A: too much B: much too C: very too D: too very14:I admit you are____ right.
A: partly B: never C: seldom D: widely
15:The experiment was ____ easier than we had expected.A: more B: much more C: much D: more much16: Of all the stories here, I like this one____. A: most B: better C: best D: least
17: This week, they’ll produce____ than they did last week.A: three more times TV sets B: more three times TV setsC: three times TV sets more D: three times more TV sets18: Ann is ____ than I.
A: a head taller B: a head tall C: taller a head D: tall a head.19: This bridge is_____ that one.
A: as twice long as B:twice as longer as
C: twice so long as D: twice as long as20: ___ you work, _____ you will learn.A: Harder; more B: The harder; the moreC:The hard; the much D: hard; much
21: The newly-built university is____ the old one. A: the size of five times thanB: the size of five times C: five times big thanD: five times the size of22: Beijing is becoming______.
A: beautiful; beautiful B: more beautiful; more beautifulC: more; more beautiful D: more beautiful; more23: Steven is____ child of the two in his family. A: tall B: the taller C: taller D: the tallest.24: That is_____ speech we have ever listened to.A: very inspiring B: more inspiring
C: the most inspired D: the most inspiring25:____, the worse I seem to be.
A: when I take more medicineB: The more medicine I takeC: Taking more of the medicineD: More medicine taken
26:How did Bob do in the exams this time.He is _____ with his exam. A: pleasing B: pleased C: pleasure D: please27:The farther the ship sails,___ clearly we can see it.A: more B: the more C: less D: the less
28: Take the medicine, please!---Oh, it tasted___. A: horrible B: horribly C: are horrible D: honor
29: We have heard the news that he is still____and is___in London now.A: live; alive B: alive; living C: living; alive D: live;living30:This street is____ of that one.
A: three times the length B: the length three timesC: three times longer D: longer three times
31.I don’t know why you are so concerned; it isn’t your problem____. A: in all B: at all C: for all D: as well
32: China Daily is_____ newspaper. It helps to improve our English.A: only B: less than C: more than D: more or less
33. By no means _____to move to a new place far away from her workplace，her family and herself.
A. Jane will agreeB. will Jane agreeC. Jane will disagreeD. will Jane disagree 34. _____ the sky is clear，you can see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain， but not today.
A. whenB. whereC. thoughD. because
35. With everything she needed _____， she went out of the shop， with her hands full of shopping bags.A. boughtB. to buyC. buyingD. buy36. Having taken our seats， _____.A. the professor began the lectureB. the lecture began in no timeC. we were attracted by the lecturer immediately
D. the bell announced the beginning of the lecture
37. In recent years many football clubs __as business to make aprofit.
because it isn't convenient for A. have runB. have been runC. had been runD. will run
38. After 15 years in the United States， he has finally decided to_____American citizenship.
A. concentrate onB. apply forC. look out forD. appeal on 39. It is well known that teaching is a job _____ enough patience.A. calling onB. calling offC. calling forD. calling in
40. Surely it doesn't matter where the clubs get their money； what _____ is what they do with it.A. countsB. appliesC. stressesD. functions 41. I didn't expect to receive a postcard from you！ It's really _____my wildest imagination.A. behindB. beyondC. exceptD. through
42. It doesn't make____ to buy that expensive coat when thesecheaper ones are just as good.A. senseB. opinionC. useD. program
43. The task is too much for me， so I can't carry on _____ any longer. I must get some help.A. singlyB. simplyC. aloneD. lonely
44. Americans eat _____vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.A. more than twiceB. as twice as manyC. twice as manyD. more than twice as many
45. The two girls are getting on very well and share _______ with each other.A. littleB. muchC. someD. none
46. The taxi driver was put in _____ prison because his car had knocked down a child. His wife went to_____ prison to see him twice a month.
A./； /B. the； theC./； theD. the； /
47.Without my glasses I can hardly_____ what has been written in the letter.A. make forB. make upC. make outD. make over 48.Her heart _____faster when she entered the exam hall.A. jumpedB. sankC. beatD. hit
49. Would you mind keeping a（n） _____ on the house for us while we are away？A. eyeB. lookC. handD. view
50. I am afraid that his phone number has slipped my _____for the moment.A. headB. brainC. mindD. sense
51. It was the wealth of the _____ pioneer landowner John Harvard that made Harvard University possible.A. preciousB. curiousC. anxiousD. prosperous
52. I am not sure whether we can give the right advice _____emergency.A. on account ofB. in case ofC. at the risk ofD. in spite of
53. Vingo was released from prison _____ the successful efforts of his friends to prove his innocence.A. according toB. as a result ofC. for reasons ofD. with the help of 54. Some of the meat came from Canada. How about_____？A. anotherB. the otherC. othersD. the rest
55. The man has a special talent for art and is _____ of a musician.A. anybodyB. anythingC. somebodyD. something
56. I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt_____ he can do a good job of it.A. whetherB. thatC. whenD. what
57. How many more decades will have to pass _____ scientists succeed in providing a cure for cancer？A. whenB. beforeC. sinceD. until
58. The engineer is not happy with the project， and _____ is her boss.A. neitherB. soC. eitherD. as 59. _____ for a long time， but he tried his best to catch up with his classmates.
A. Having been illB. Being illC. Though he was illD. He was ill
60. How close parents are to their children _____ a strong influence on the development of the children's character.
A. haveB. hasC. havingD. had 61. He changed his name， _____ that nobody would find out what he had done before.A. having thoughtB. to thinkC. thinksD. thinking
62. There is so much work _____today Would you be kind enough to lend me a hand？A. having doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. will be done63.The number of the students in our school _____2000. A are B. were C. is D. is being
64. Do you mind if I ______ the mistakes in your report?A. pick up B. put up C. call out D. point out
65- They told me it would be cheap but ______ it cost me nearly $ 500.A. in general B. in a word C. in detail D. in fact
66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe ______ by the judge.A. service B. sentence C. crime D. crisis
67. Frankfurt, Germany, is one of the most ______ populated regions in Western Europe.A. densely B. vastly C. enormously D. largely
68. If only I ______ hard in the past few months! But I didn’t work hard enough and failed the maths examination.A. work B. worked C. have worked D. had worked69. None of us knew how the change had come ______.A. across B. about C. over D. down70. The price of fish is ______ during the Spring FestivalA. expensive B. high C. valuable D. dear
71. He offered to ______ her a hand as the bag was too heavy for her to carry.A. lend B. help C. show D. borrow
72. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her history examination.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. to be prepared D. being prepared
73. By the end of this month, we surely ______ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A. have found B. will be finding C. will have found D. are finding
74. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, ______, of course, made the others jealous.
A. whom B. that C. what D. which
75. Linda, ______ has lived next door to me about 10 years, will move to another city soon.A. who B. which C. that D. what
76. The visitors felt greatly surprised at ______ they saw in the museum.A. who B. whose C. how D. what
77. Our sports meet is planned to take place ______ Saturday morning.A. in B. at C. on D. of
78. You can’t afford to let the situation get worse. You must take ______ to put it right.A. decisions B. directions C. sides D. steps
79. How these big stones were moved to the mountain tops remains a ______, that is, nobody knows how.A. mystery B. possibility C responsibility D. faith
80 .Michael Jackson traveled and sang all around the world, ______ his audience with music, dance and fashion.
A. entertaining B. awarding C. giving D. proving
81. Hospital doctors don’t go out very often as their work _____ all their time.A. takes away B. takes in C. takes over D. takes up
81. On this special occasion I’d like to express my _____ wishes for your future happiness.A. obvious B. sincere C. hopeful D. honest82. He doesn’t spend much time _____ his homework.A. in B. with C. on D. for
83. When he entered the room he found a cat _____ quietly under the desk.A. lie B. lies C. to lie D. lying
84. Today Mrs. Smith _____ herself in white like a nurse at the garden party.A. wore B. put C. sent D. dressed
85. In road rules the red light is a _____ for traffic to stop.A. sign B. sight C. site D. size
86. Linda is quite different _____ her sister in character: she likes friends and goes out a lot while her sister always stays alone at home.A. to B. from C. at D. on
87. Jim was absent from school for the whole week _____ a bad cold.A. because of B. in addition to C. according to D. in front of
88. Some people like to _____ a small sum of money in case of urgent need.A. deal with B. use up C. set aside D. take off89. My bike is old, ____ it is in good condition.A. therefore B. so C. nevertheless D. moreover
90. _____ is generally believed, there is no water on the moon.A. As B. What C. That D. It
91. He devoted his whole life to _____ care of the disabled children.A. takes B. taking C. took D. take
92. The student continued his university study ____ his family was poor.A. even though B. as though C. now that D. since
93. Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow’s conference when he ______ back. He is to chair the conference.A. will come B. come C. comes D. came
94.______five minutes earlier, you would not have missed the last train for Shanghai, but you were late.A. Had you come B. Do you comeC. Did you come D. Should you come95. After he worked out the solution, _____ appeared a smile on his face.A. it B. here C. what D. there
96. _____ the former president’s supporters went out in streets to express their anger and dissatisfaction.A. A small amount of B. A large number ofC. A little bit of D. A great deal of
97. To be honest, today’s dinner was just so-so. It wasn’t such a good one____ promised by the boss.A. that B. which C. as D. what98---Did Charles vote in the last election? -----No, he wasn’t_____.
A. enough old then B. then enough oldC. ole then enough D. old enough then
99. He decide to go for a sailing holiday ______ the fact that he was usually Seasick (晕船).A. because of B. in spite of C.in case of D. as a result of 100. By no means_____ look down on those who are less lucky in life than we are.A. we should B. should weC. we should not D. should we not
汉译英
1；他虽然是个孩子，但是他知道许多关于电脑的事情2：他是唯一一个在灾难中幸存下来的人3：超过一半的学生都同意下周日野餐4：学生们正在准备新年晚会
5：我宁愿呆在家里看电视也不愿意去电影院看电影6：爸爸帮我挑了一本新书
7：他总是在遇到困难时帮助他，所以她把他当成她最好的朋友8：我们应该充分利用好时间
9：尽管有很多困难，我们仍决心执行我们的计划10：对我们而言掌握一门外语很重要11：我们应该尊重老人
12：科学家们发现紧张会导致疾病13：我20岁时参的军
14：我离开家已经10年了15：我现在很少收到他的来信
16：直到昨天下午他们才讨论了我的建议
17：我想买这本字典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够18：你就是我一直在找的女孩
19：他们将在这项工程上花一个亿
20：工厂和汽车排放的废气污染了城市
21：由于缺乏资金，他们不得不放弃该计划22：太阳发出光和热
23：这部电影我已经看了五遍了
24：国庆节到了，咱们把房间彻底地打扫一下吧。25：加拿大的人口两千九百万
26：如果你能弄到这本书，就请寄给我27：他早晨没有吃早饭就去上学去了28：我认为我们可以提前完成任务29：这首诗太难了，孩子们领会不了30：只要不灰心，就能取得成功31: 有人请我修理自行车32：他更喜欢农村而不是城市
33：我们将尽快把技术资料寄给你34：我本来会买那本书的35：他的话使我想起了童年36：早点到校，否则你将受罚37：我决定不采纳他的建议
38：只要我们开动脑筋，一定会想出新办法来39：这就是第一次世界大战爆发的地方40：要抓住机会，否则你后悔的
41：我常常看到音乐家们在街边演奏42：这种音乐在英国很有名43：学生们正在做眼保健操
44：你认识跟吉姆说话的那个人吗？45：我明天要考驾照了46：吸烟有害身体
47：她不但会弹钢琴而且还会弹小提琴48：每年都有成千上万的游客参观长城49：这是我看过的最有趣的电影之一50：带上雨伞以防下雨
51：妈妈给儿子编了一个很好听的故事52：杰克不但是个医生而且还是个作家53：周杰伦能歌善舞54：他们坚持爬到山顶55： 电话正在使用中
56：这个新项目由张教授负责
57：我在博客里记录了自己在韩国的生活58：自从学校毕业之后，他们一直保持联系59：今后要更加小心60: 抓住绳子你就得救了
61：除了英语，他还得学钢琴、物理和舞蹈 62：最近蔬菜的价格可能上涨63;就是他泄露了答案
64：我喜欢绿色的这件，而不是蓝色的那件
65：尽管有许多困难，他仍然相信他们会取得成功
1: Although he is a child, he knows a lot about computer2: He was the only person who survived in the disaster
3:More than half of the students agree to take a picnic next Sunday.4: The students are prepared for the New Year Party.
5: I prefer watching TV at home to seeing a film in the cinema6: My father helped me pick out a new book
7:He always helps her when she is in trouble, so she regarded him as her best friends.8: We should make good use of our time
9;Although there are many difficulties, we are determined to carry it out10: It’s important for us to master a foreign language11:We should respect the old men
12: Scientists have found out that nervousness can cause disease13: I joined the army at the age of 20
14: I have been away from home for 10 years15:I seldom hear from him
16:It was not until yesterday afternoon that the teachers discussed my proposal.17:I want to buy the dictionary, but I don’t have enough money with me18: You are the girl whom we are looking for
19: They will spend almost100 million yuan on the project
20:The waste gas emitted by the factories and cars polluted the air.21:For lack of capital(资金）, he had to give up the project. 22: The sun gives off light and heat23; I have seen the film for five times
24：National is coming, let’s tidy our room thoroughly25：The population of Canada is 29 million.26:If you can get the book, please mail it to me.27：He went to school without breakfast this morning 28: I think we can finish the task ahead of time
29:The poem is too difficult for the child to understand30：As long as you don’t lose your heart, you will succeed.31: I was asked to repair the bike
32:He prefer the countryside to the city
33: We will send you the technical materials as soon as possible.34：I would have bought the book.
35: What he said reminded me of my childhood.36: Come to school earlier, or you will be punished.
38：As long as you use your head, you will find the way.37：I was determined not to follow his advice
39:This is the place where the First World War broke out.40: Seize the chance, or you will regret it.
41:I often see the musician performing in the street.42:This kind of music is famous in England43: The students are doing eye exercises
44: Do you know the girl who is talking to Jim.45: I am going to take a driving test tomorrow.46: Smoking does harm to people’s health47: He can play not only piano but also violin
48: Millions of foreign visitors come to visit the Great Wall every year. 49:This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen 50 Take an umbrella in case it rains
51: The mother made up a good story for her son.52:Jack is not only a doctor but also a writer.53: Jay Zhoucan both sing and dance
54:They insist on climbing up the top of the mountain55: The phone is in service.
56: The new project is in charge off Professor Zhang.57:I kept a record of my life in South Korea in my Blog.
58:They have kept in touch with each other since they left school.59: Try to be more careful in the future.
60:Get hold of my hand, and you will be saved
61: In addition to English, she has to learn piano, physics and dancing.62：The price of the vegetable may go up recently. 63: It was he who let out the key
64:I like the green dress in stead of the blue one
65:In spite of many difficulties, they still believe they will succeed.
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