We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet aheadache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these sociallyacceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excesswill produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also leadto physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and moreof the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptomswhen the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known aspsychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressantsslow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways includingproducing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.
59. Substances abuse (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abuse in that ________.
(A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
(B) drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
(C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
(D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word pervasive (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.
(A) widespread (B) overwhelming (C) piercing (D) fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
(A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
(B) exclusive use of them for social purposes
(C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
(D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
(A) stimulants function positively on the mind
(B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
(C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
(D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
答案及试题解析
59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
第⼀段最后⼀句指出，许多医⽣（physician）和⼼理学家常使⽤物质滥⽤⽽不是药物滥⽤这⼀概念，他们想以此说明：滥⽤像烟酒这样的物质与滥⽤海洛因和可卡因⼀样有害。
A 意为：如果⾮法使⽤，物质可能改变我们⾝体或⼤脑的功能。第⼀段第⼀句对药物这⼀概念下了⼀个定义：从专业⾓度来讲，除⾷品以外，任何改变我们的⾝体或⼤脑功能的物质都是药物。但是，正如第⼆句所指出的，许多⼈错误地认为药物这⼀概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者⽤的⾮法化学药品。
B 意为：药物滥⽤仅限指⼀少部分⼈的吸毒⾏为。
C 意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因⼀样致命。这⾥，fatal（致命的）⼀词太夸张了，与原⽂中所说的有害（harmfully）相去甚远。
60.（A）该词意为：普通的，⼴泛的。
事实上，由第⼆段第⼀句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。该句可译为：在我们⽣活的社会⾥，医⽤或社交⽤物质（药物）⼴泛存在，如：⽤阿斯匹林制⽌头痛，⽤酒交际，早晨⽤咖啡振作⼀下精神，抽⽀烟定定神（或：松弛⼀下）。
B 意为：压倒⼀切的，占主流的。
C 意为：尖锐的，尖的。
D 意为：时髦的，流⾏的。
61.（A）意为：长时间⽆节制地嗜⽤它们。
根据第⼆段第四、五句，频繁使⽤（repeated use）某种物质（药物）会使⾝体对之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量（tolerance）的增加：要达到满⾜，需要的剂量越来越多；停⽌服⽤后，⼀些不舒服的反应就会出现。可见，⽤药量和⽤药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。
B 意为：仅将它们⽤于社交⽬的。⽂章第⼆段第⼀句确实提到了像酒这样的物质可以⽤于社交⽬的，但这不等于说只有⽤于社交⽬的的物质才可以使⼈上瘾。
C 意为：将它们⼤量地⽤来治病。量⼤仅是可能产⽣药物依赖的原因之⼀，⽽频繁使⽤也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。
D 意为：粗⼼使⽤它们⽽产⽣不良症状。
62.（B）意为：幻觉剂本⾝就危害健康。
根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响⼈的感知觉，以各种⽅式（包括产⽣幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作引起幻觉的药物，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了⼈的意识状态。
A 意为：兴奋剂对⼼智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和⾏为的药物属于对神经起显著作⽤的（psychoactive）物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作⽤，⽽抑制剂则具有减缓作⽤。但是，⽆论是哪种作⽤，其影响都是有害的。参阅第⼀段最后⼀句。
C 意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作⽤的物质中最坏的⼀种。第三段提到了三钟影响⼈的意识与⾏为的物质（见上⽂），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。
D 意为：三种对神经起显著作⽤的物质经常被⼀起使⽤。这⼀点第三段也未提到。
翻译句⼦
1. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet aheadache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[参考译⽂] 我们⽣活在⼀种药品（毒品）的医学⽤途和社会⽤途都很⼴泛的社会⾥：⼀⽚⽤来⽌头疼的阿司匹林，⼀些⽤来社交的酒，早上⾃⼰提提神所喝的咖啡，⼀⽀⽤来定神的⾹烟。
[结构剖析] 句⼦的主⼲就是 We live in a society…，后⾯ which 引导定语从句 in which the medicinal and social use ofsubstances (drugs) is pervasive，修饰 society。冒号后⾯的部分是并列关系的名词词组，⽤来举例说明前⾯提出的观点，开始时可以略去不看。
[阅读重点] 注意冒号后⾯列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前⾯的中⼼名词，表⽰其功效。
2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce thedesired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[参考译⽂] 对药品的依赖性⾸先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产⽣想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越⼤，然后表现为当停药后，令⼈不快的停药症状的出现。
[结构剖析] 句⼦的主⼲结构是 Dependence is marked first by…and then by…；逗号隔开的成分 with+n.+过去分词：withmore and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect 作状语，⽤来进⼀步解释药物依赖的第⼀种表现。when the substance is discontinued 是表⽰时间的状语从句。
[阅读重点] 注意 and 连接两个 by 开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句⼦的主⼲了。另外注意名词在这⾥的特殊意义：dependence 指对药物的依赖，withdrawal 的意思是停⽌⽤药。
补充难句翻译
1. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol andtobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
[参考译⽂] 药品滥⽤这个词经常被⽤来代替毒品滥⽤，其⽬的是为了表明酒精和烟草这样的物质是可能像海洛因和可卡因那样被误⽤的。
[结构剖析] 句⼦的主⼲是句⼦的前半部分 The phrase substance abuse is often used…to make clear…；to make clearthat…是动词不定式作状语，表⽰⽬的。that 后⾯接的是宾语从句作动词 make clear 的宾语。
[阅读重点] 注意 make+sth.+adj.：make sth. clear，这⾥因为 sth. 是⼀个 that 引导的从句，所以放在了形容词 clear 的后⾯。另外注意 as…as 的⽤法。
2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, orhallucinogens.
[参考译⽂] 精神刺激性药品通常按照他们是否是兴奋剂，镇静剂或致幻剂来划分。
[结构剖析] 这是⼀个简单句。句⼦的主⼲部分是 Psychoactive substances are…grouped according to…，使⽤了被动语态。其中 whether 引导宾语从句 whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介词 according to 的宾语。
[阅读重点] group 这⾥⽤作动词，是分类的意思。
语⾔点详解
1. alter 改变
[⼤纲词汇] alter v. 改变，变更 alteration n. 改变，变更
[经典例句] The outstanding performance of the troupe altered their attitude.
2. mental functioning ⼼理功能
3. drug addict 吸毒者
[扩充词汇] addict n. ⼊迷的⼈，上瘾的⼈； v. 使沉溺，使⼈迷，使上瘾
4. alcohol 酒精
[⼤纲词汇] alcohol n. 酒精，⼄醇；含酒精的饮料 [衍⽣词汇] alcoholic n.酒⿁；a.酒精的
[经典例句] His mother told him to keep off alcohol.
5. illegal ⾮法的
[⼤纲词汇] illegal a.不合法的，⾮法的
[经典例句] The state forbids illegal possession of firearms.
6. neutral 中性的
[⼤纲词汇] neutral a.中⽴的；中性的，中和的
[经典例句] He tried to keep neutral in the conflicts between his friends.
7. psychologist ⼼理学家 [⼤纲词汇] psychology n. ⼼理学 [衍⽣词汇] psychologist n.⼼理学家
8. phrase 词
[⼤纲词汇] phrase n.短语，词语，习语
[经典例句] This phrase was used wrongly in the sentence.
9. abuse 滥⽤
[⼤纲词汇] abuse v./n.滥⽤；虐待；漫骂
[经典例句] Drug abuse has become a serious social problem nowadays.
10. instead of 代替
[⼤纲词汇] instead ad.代替，顶替 instead of 代替，⽽不是；不是…（⽽是） [经典例句] Her brought two assistants with her instead of one.
11. misuse 滥⽤
[扩充词汇] misuse v. 错⽤，误⽤，滥⽤ [构词⽅法] mis-后缀，表⽰不当，错，误
[联想记忆] misunderstand v.误解 miscalculate v.误算
[经典例句] You should not misuse his kindness and take his advantage.
12. heroin 海洛因 [⼤纲词汇] heroin n.海洛因
13. cocaine 可卡因
14. pervasive 普遍的
[扩充词汇] pervasive a.到处弥漫的；普遍的，流⾏的
[经典例句] Pollution is one of the most pervasive problems today.
15. aspirin 阿斯匹林
16. sociable 善于交际的
[扩充词汇] sociable a.好交际的，合群的；社交的
[经典例句] Although she is nice to everyone, she is not a sociable person.
17. get going 开始⼯作
[扩充词汇] get going 开始，开始谈话（或⼯作等） [经典例句] He suggested we get going with our work.
18. constructive 有建设性的
[⼤纲词汇] construct v.建设，建造，构造；创⽴ [衍⽣词汇] constructive a.建设性的，有积极意义的
[经典例句] The company gave constructive response to their criticism.
19. first of all ⾸先
[经典例句] First of all, your reaction should be justified.
20. in excess 过量
[⼤纲词汇] excess a.过量的，额外的；n.过量，过剩 in excess of 超过 [经典例句] The materials you keep in excess will cost you too much money.
21. negative effects 负⾯影响
[⼤纲词汇] negative a.否定的，消极的，反⾯的，负的，阴性的；n.负数；（摄影）底⽚
22. perceptual 感觉的
[扩充词汇] perceptual a. 感知的，感觉的；感性的 perceptual response 知觉反应perceptual knowledge 感性知识
23. physical addiction ⾝体上瘾
[扩充词汇] addiction n.⼈迷，嗜好；瘾 heroin addiction海洛因瘾
24. withdrawal symptoms 脱瘾的不舒服症状
[⼤纲词汇] withdraw v.收回，撤消；缩回，退出；提取（钱）symptom n. 症状，征候，征兆 [衍⽣词汇] withdrawal n.收回，取回，撤回；戒毒（脱瘾）的过程
25. discontinue 停⽌
[扩充词汇] discontinue v.停⽌，中断，终⽌
[经典例句] We have to discontinue the projects because of a lack of fund.
26. nervous system 神经系统
[⼤纲词汇] nerve n.神经；勇⽓，胆量 nervous a.神经的；神经过敏的，紧张不安的
27. perception 感知
[⼤纲词汇] perceive v.察觉，感知；理解，领悟 [衍⽣词汇] perception n.察觉，感觉，感知；认识，看法 [经典例句] His perception of the change came in a flash.
28. peychoactive 作⽤于精神的，影响（或改变）⼼理状态的 [构词⽅法] psycho-前缀，表⽰精神：⼼理
[联想记忆] psychoanalysis n. 精神分析 psychobiology n.精神⽣物学
29. stimulant 兴奋剂
[扩充词汇] stimulant n.引起兴奋的⾷品（或饮料等）；兴奋剂；刺激物，影响⼒ [经典例句] Coffee and tea are stimulants.
30. depressant 镇静剂
[⼤纲词汇] depress v.压抑，降低；使沮丧，压下 [衍⽣词汇] depressant n.镇静剂
31. hallucinogen 幻觉剂
32. speed up 使加速 [⼤纲词汇] speed up 使加速
[经典例句] You have to speed up your rate of work.
33. activate 启动
[⼤纲词汇] activate v.使活动，启动
[经典例句] He ordered the workers to activate the engine.
34. slow down 降低（速度）
[⼤纲词汇] slow down（使）放慢，减速
[经典例句] She asked her son to slow down the car because she felt dizzy.
35. primary effect 最初的作⽤
36. hallucination 幻觉
[扩充词汇] hallucination n.幻觉；妄想
[经典例句] He was undergoing some perceptive hallucination.
37. psychedelic 迷幻药的
[扩充词汇] psychedelic a.迷幻药的；引起幻觉的 a psychedelic indulgence 迷幻沉洒psychedelic art 迷幻艺
35. mind manifesting 显⽰内⼼想法的
[⼤纲词汇] manifest v.表明，证明，显⽰；a.明⽩的，明了的 [联想记忆] mind-altering a.⿇痹神经的
39. radically 极度地
[⼤纲词汇] radical a. 基本的，重要的；激进的，极端的；根本的 [经典例句] Attitudes towards education will have to change radically.
40. fatal 致命的
[⼤纲词汇] fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的
[经典例句] He collapsed at the fatal blow on his head.
41. piercing 刺穿的
[⼤纲词汇] pierce v刺破，刺穿
[经典例句] They pursued their way in the piercing coldness.
全⽂翻译
从专业⾓度说，除⾷品外，任何能改变我们⽣理和⼼理机能的物质都是药物。很多⼈错误地认为药物这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服⽤的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在许多内科医⽣和
⼼理学家使⽤物质这个更加中性的词的原因。他们常⽤物质滥⽤⽽不⽤药物滥⽤来清楚表明滥⽤酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥⽤海洛因和可卡因⼀样有害。
我们⽣活在⼀个物质（药物）在医疗和社交⽅⾯的使⽤都很⼴泛的社会⾥：⽤来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，⽤来应酬的酒，早晨⽤来提神的咖啡，还有定神⽤的⾹烟。使⽤这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作⽤，但什么时候就变成滥⽤了呢？⾸先，⼤多数物质的过量使⽤都会产⽣负⾯影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使⽤⼀种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产⽣预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越⼤，⽽⼀旦中断使⽤就会出现难受的停药症状。
影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和⾏为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作⽤的物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作⽤，⽽镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响⼈的感知，通过多种⽅式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产⽣幻觉。这些物质常被认为能引起幻觉（psychedelic⼀词源于希腊语，意为⼼灵显现），因为它们似乎能改变⼈的意识状态。
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