Understanding IELTS Grammar
---Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences ●长难句成因： “树形结构”： 修饰成分纷繁复杂 主从句交织 特殊句式
●Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences: 一、主从复合句解析 1.名词性从句 2.定语从句 3.状语从句 4.多重复合句
二、特殊结构句式解析 1. 分隔结构 2. 倒装结构 3. 强调结构 4. 双重或者多重否定 5. 比较结构 一、主从复合句解析 1.名词性从句 主语从句
Looking at the picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.
For her, a woman, to defy her husband’s order would be considered audacious at her time.
What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in some
deep sense, are not part of nature.
That he is in love with her is no longer a secret. 主语从句解读方法： ●
●主语从句引导词： Practice:
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. （4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.
（5）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
（6）What caused the accident remains unknown. （7）What we need is time.
（8）What we need are good doctors. （9）Whatever you did is right. Example 1：
That the nineteenth– century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.
Example 2:
That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.
Example 3:
However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for later novelists.
Further Practice:
1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair
weather.
2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.
3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.
4. It is probable that he has known everything. 5. It appeared that he had a taste for music. 6. It made us very happy that she was saved
7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.
9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.
. 宾语从句（object clause） 引导词： Example 1：
A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Example 2：
Yet new findings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.
Example 3：
Art historian Kenneth Clarke, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.
Example 4:
The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults.
表语从句
引导词：who, how, when, as, whether Example：
The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any given space but whether Earth can supply the population’s long-term requirement for food, water, and other resources.
Practice:
The miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation of a self.
同位语从句 Example:
He was surprised at the fact that he had passed the IELTS examination.
先行词： 破解关键： Example 1：
There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.
Example 2:
The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.
Example 3:
【剑3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.
Example 4:
【剑3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle world
economy. Practices：
I take further comfort in the fact that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.
According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. [剑9]
2.定语从句 引导词： Which:
Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.
Libraries made education possible，and education in its turn added to libraries；the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
That:
With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.
O ften, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle
over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. [剑9]
There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.
关系代词that的省略：
Because the potential talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.
Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.
Who:
The student who is answering the question is John. The person who was here yesterday is a musician. Whom:
In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.
Whose:
Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
关系副词: When:
She will never forget the day when she got married. Where:
One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
Why:
Give me one reason why we should help you.
复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词 This is the desk on which I found my book.
The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.
The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.
We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
【剑5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology—to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.
【剑8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.
【剑8】The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.
3.状语从句 关联词： 破解关键：
When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone,
retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.
Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.
I’m not living where I was.
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. Take your coat in case it rains.
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
4.多重复合句
However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. [剑9]
Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.
二、特殊结构句式 1.分隔结构
处理原则： Example:
In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on the other.
In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
It will take years for whites—including those who think of themselves as liberals—to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have.
Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.
A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle—which since its initial discovery in 1996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually – ,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.
Generat ions of teachers have assigned Thoreau’s book Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in living in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.
Practices:
Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.
Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male
individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of themselves as women.
2. 倒装结构
(1). Only+状语位于句首
Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.
(2). 以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。【剑3】Not only did it solve a problem that intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.
(3). 比较状语从句
In a typical example, when viewing photographs of food, hungry subjects experience
a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects.
(4). 为了突出强调某一内容（表语或状语）
Gone are the problems of not being able to instantly contact people in other parts of the world.
(5). So/As 或者neither/nor 引导的句子
【剑4】Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. (6). 某些让步状语从句
In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fishes that can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
3. 强调结构 含强调结构的句子：
It is/was +被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分照写
可以强调：主语，宾语，状语 不可以强调：谓语，定语
Nuclear power supplies 5% of the world’s energy from more than 400 plants.
强调主语： 强调宾语： 强调状语：
It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.
It is because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth that we need to know the importance of big, mature trees.
Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child’s understanding of his- or herself emerges.【剑9】
4.双重否定或多重否定 Examples:
Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals. One can hardly say that these theorists have failed to have any effects. Practices:
【剑6】Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company’s logo.
Indeed, few women’s rights conventions were held during the 1850’s at whi ch Douglass was not a featured speaker and whose proceeding were not fully reported
in his paper.
Unless one already knows a great deal, one cannot learn much form visiting the Roman forum or the Athenian acropolis.
A colonial Williamsburg would be impossible in a country that was not wealthy.
It was interesting to be in the quiet old town once more, and it was not disagreeable to be here and there suddenly recognized and stared after.
However，it is na?ve to assume that any culture’s history is per ceived without subjective prejudices.
It is not that children are unable to grasp such things on their own.
5.比较结构句
1)No other period of human life is as suited to learning as are child’s first three
years.
2) At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today. [剑7]
3) Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education. [剑9]
4)Few ideas are more deeply entrenched in our political culture than that of impending ecological doom.
5) Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperature. [剑5]
6) Much less is known about the Indus civilization than these other states because linguists have yet to decipher the Harappa
script found on recovered objects.
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