代词：
1、代词的分类：
英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。 第三人称单数 第一第二第一人 第二人 阳性 阴性 中性 人称人称第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 复数 复数 I she it we you 主 you (你) he they (他们,(我) (他) (她) (它) (我们) (你们) 她们,它们) 格 me her it us you 宾 you (你) him them (他们,(我) (他) (她) (她) (我们) (你们) 她们,它们) 格 1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！)
2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的
英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形
式,口语中大多用宾格。如：--Who is it?(是谁？) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) –You and me.(你和我)
5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外
还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)—It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的) 3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。 第三人称单数 第一人第一人 第二人 第二人第三人称复数 阳性 阴性 中性 称复 称单数 称单数 称复数 数 your his her its our your 形容 my their (他们的,她们(他的) (她的) (它的) (我们(你们词性 (我的) (你的) 的,它们的) 的) 的) Yours his hers its ours yours 名词 mine theirs(他们的,她们(我的) (你的) (他的) (她的) (她的) (我们(你们性 的,它们的) 的) 的) 1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如： Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或
者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个
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来看我。)
[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)
4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。 三人称单数 第一人称第二人称第一人 第二人 第第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 阳复数 性 阴性 中性 复数 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves (我自己) (你自己) (他自己) (她自己) (它自己) (我们自己) (你们自己) (他们/她们/它们自己) 1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如： Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的) 2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)
5、 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物. 单数 复数 含义 this(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人和物 that(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人和物 such (这样的人/物) 指上文提过的人和物 same (同样的人/物) 指和上文提过的相同的人和物 it (这人/这物) 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时 指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：
What’s this?(这是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ ---Who is it?(是谁？) ---It’s me!(是我！) 6、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。 单数 each either, the other, 复合不 / / one so (every) neither another 定代词 含义 不可数 some no little, much / / / any none a little 含义 all / / 复数 few, others, many ones both a few the others 含义 ※ 注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). (1) some和 any 的用法：
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)
some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？)
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？)
any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。) (2)no和none的用法：
no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)
none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) / I have many books, but none
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is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法：
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。)
all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮) (4)every和each用法：
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；
each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法：
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。) (6)other、the other和another的用法：
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如：
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？) / I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。) others与the others的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。) (7)many和much的用法：
many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如：I don’t have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
7、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
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1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,
一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如：
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的？) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么？)
2、who 和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓
语动词的宾语；而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如： Who is that man?(那男的是谁？) / What colour are their hats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色？) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的？)(被动句) 注意这个提问：The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
→Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲？)
3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、
状况等进行提问。如：People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄惨) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨？)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆？)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)
4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,则以
名词的单复数为准。如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里？) / What is that? (那是什么？)/ What are those? (那些是什么？) / What colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色？)
Practice
一 完成下列表格： I me my mine you yours him her its its us they theirs 二 根据提示填空：
1 ________(我) am a teacher.
2 _______(他) often plays basketball after school.
3 This is _______(我的) book. That is__________. (他的) 4 Please pass_____(我们) the ball.
5 This is not my shirt. It’s _______. (她的) 6 My ruler is long. ________ (你的) is short.
7 _______(我们) buy a pair of shoes for _______(她).
8 _______(他们的) teacher is good. _____(你们的)is good too. 9 Our chair is better than _________ ( they). 10 I will give the presents to________(they).
11 These books are________(I), and those are____(you). 12 _____ like ______ car. 我喜欢他们的小汽车。 13 Who is there? It’s _____. 是谁啊？是我。 14 ______ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。
15 I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 三 单选
1 He is cleverer than ____. He can do it better than ____ do. A. me, me B. I, me C. me, I D. I, mine 2 Look, the chair has lost one of ____ legs.
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A. his B. her C. its D. it’s
3 Lily was 9 years old. _____ was old enough to go to school ________. A. She, she B. She, herself C. Her, herself D. Her, she 4. I want to finish it _____ .I won’t ask for help.
A. yourself B. myself C. ourselves D. ourselves 5 Jim’s watch is much newer than _________.
A. hers B. she C. her D. herself 6 —Who taught you English last year? —Nobody taught me . I taught ______.
A. you B. myself C. her D. me 7. She is a student, _____ name is Julia.
A. its B. her C. hers D. his 8. She gave the erasers to Lucy and _______ .
A. I B. me C. my D. mine 9. That's not ______, it is_______. I made it ______ .
A. ours, mine, myself B. your, mine, myself C. yours, her, myself D. yours, my, myself 10 We bought ______ a present, but _______ didn’t like it.
A. they, them B. them, they C. themselves , their D. theirs, they
Practice
一 用适当疑问代词填空：
1. ________ is your math teacher? 2. ________ subject is he talking? 3. ________ went to see the headmaster of the school yesterday?
4. For ________ did he buy a ticket? 5. ________ do you prefer, rice of bread? 二 把下列句子译成英语: 1. 这是谁的自行车？
2. 哪一支铅笔是你的，蓝的还是红的？
3. 你在给谁写信？
三、单项选择
1. Please tell _____ about it if _____ doesn’t know.
A. her; herself B. she; she C. her; she D. hers; her 2. Is there _______ in today’s newspaper?
A. something important B. important anything C. anything important D. important everything 3. Do you know ______ dictionary it is?
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom 4. I’ve two friends. ______ of them are at school. A. Both B. Neither C. Each D. All
5. We’ve lost all our money. ______ shall we do? A. How B. What C. Where D. Why 6. The fish is delicious. Try and eat ______. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
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7. — ______ do you prefer, milk or orange juice? — I don’t like _____ . I usually drink coffee.
A. How; either B. What; neither C. Which; neither D. Why; either 8. Of the three foreigners, one is from London, ______ are from the USA.
A. the two others B. the other two C. another two D. the both 9. ______ the twins enjoyed _______ at the party yesterday.
A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves 10. –Would you like _______ milk in your tea? -Yes, just _______.
A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some 11. We study Chinese, English and some _______ subjects.
A. the other B. other C. others D. another
12. –Who is playing the piano in the next room? —______ is Li Ping’s brother. A. This B. That C. It D. He
13. –Is this your shoe? -Yes, it is. But where is _______? A. the other B. another C. other one D. the other one
14. － Do you have _____ to say for yourself?－ No, I have _____ to say at this moment. A. anything important, something important B. anything important, nothing important C. important something, nothing important D. important anything, important nothing
15. The farmer is very busy because he’s so _______ sheep to keep and so ______ work to do every day. A. much; many B. many; much C. many; a lot D. a lot; much
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