2016年宁波大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2016年宁波大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Vocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing 7. Cloze Text

Vocabulary

1． Even though he was guilty, the______judge did not send him to prison. A．merciful B．impartial C．conscientious D．conspicuous

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查形容词辨析。让步状语从句中的guilty(有罪的)和主句的意思(法官没有把他送进监狱)表明，该法官是一个“仁慈的”人，故merciful(仁慈的，宽厚的)为答案。impartial意为“公正的，不偏不倚的”；conscientious意为“认真的，勤勤恳恳的”；conspicuous意为“显眼的，明显的”，均与让步状语从句的意思不符，故均排除。

2． The education______for the coming year is about $ 4 billion, which is much more than what people expected.

A．allowance B．reservation C．budget D．finance

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查名词辨析。根据句意“来年的教育______约为40亿美元，这远远超出人们的预期”可知，横线处应填和“钱”有关的词，可首先排除reservation(预订；保留)。allowance意为“(定期发给的)津贴，补助”，不符合$4 billion(40亿美元)的语义，故排除。根据空后的the coming year(来年)可确定，本题答案为budget(预算，预算拨款)。finance(财政，金融)是指管理货币、债务、信贷和投资的商业或政府活动，也与语义不符，故排除。

3． They had fierce______as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.

A．debate B．clash

C．disagreement D．context

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查名词辨析。根据句意“他们就是否应该恢复公司数年前被破

坏了的贸易关系进行了一场激烈的______”可知，横线处应填含有“争论”意义的名词，故首先排除context(背景，环境；上下文，语境)。debate意为“(各自发表不同观点的)辩论，争论”，侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩，符合空后语义，故为答案。clash(争论；冲突)侧重“冲突”；disagreement(意见不一致；异议；争论)侧重“分歧”，二者均与语义不符，故均排除。

4． They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make______of them.

A．impression B．comprehension C．meaning D．sense

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查名词辨析。根据空前的make和of可知，横线处所填词应与make和pf构成固定搭配，只有sense符合要求，故答案为[D]项。make sense of意为“理解，弄懂”。impression(印象)，comprehension(理解(力)，了解)和meaning(意义，意思)均无法满足搭配及语义要求，故均排除。句意为：他们把你的想法反反复复考虑了一个多小时，但仍没能弄清你的意思。

5． The politician says he will______the welfare of the people. A．prey on B．take on C．get at D．see to

正确答案：D 解析：本题考查动词短语辨析。结合politician(政治家，政客)和welfare of the people(人民的福利)推测，横线处所填词应含有“负责”的含义。prey on意为“捕食，掠夺”；take on意为“承担，接受任务”和get at意为“弄清楚，发现”，这三项均与语义不符，故均排除。see to意为“负责，处理”，符合语义，故为答案。句意为：该政治家称他会为人民谋福利。

6． If you______the bottle and cigarettes, you’ll be much healthier. A．takeoff B．keep off C．get off D．set off

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查动词短语辨析。句意为“如果你______烟酒，你将健康得多”。take off意为“脱下(衣服)；匆匆离开”。keep off意为“远离，(使)不接近”。get off“下(车、马等)；离开”。set off意为“出发；动身；引起”。相比较，四个选项中只有[B]项符合语义，故为答案。

7． He was______to steal the money when he saw it lying on the table. A．dragged B．tempted C．elicited D．attracted

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查动词辨析。句意为“当他看到在桌子上放着的钱时，他______去偷钱”。be dragged to do sth．意为“勉强做某事”，与空后的steal money在语义上不符，故排除[A]项。be tempted to do sth．意为“被诱惑做某事”，符合空后的语境，故答案为[B]项。elicit意为“引出，探出”；be attracted to do sth．意为“被吸引做某事”。

8． Being somewhat short-sighted, she had the habit of______at people. A．glancing B．peering C．gazing D．scanning

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查动词辨析。四个选项均含“看”的意思，glance(瞥，迅速地看一眼)强调时间的长短；peer(<通常因难以看清而>盯着看，凝视)；gaze(凝视，注视)强调聚精会神地看；scan(非常迅速地看，粗略地看)强调时间的长短，而且scan后面不接at，根据short-sighted(近视眼的)可知，peer符合文意，故为答案。句意为：因为眼睛有些近视，她养成了盯着人看的习惯。

9． Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the______majority are inactive.

A．tremendous B．demanding C．intensive

D．overwhelming

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查形容词辨析。根据空后的majority(大多数)可知，所填词应修饰majority，故overwhelming为答案。overwhelming majority为惯用法，意为“绝大多数”。tremendous意为”(体积、数量、程度等)巨大的，惊人的”；demanding意为“要求很高的，苛刻的”；intensive意为“加强的，集中的，密集的”。

10． In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the______concern of state governments.

A．extinct B．excluding

C．excessive D．exclusive

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查单词词义辨析。结合空前的matters which lie entirely within state borders(纯属州内事物)和concern of state governments(州政府关心的事)可确定，本题答案为exclusive(独有的，独享的)。extinct意为“灭绝的，绝种的”；excluding意为“除……之外；不包括”；excessive意为“过多的，过分的，过度的”。

11． The food was rather______and needed gingering up. A．slippery B．inscribe C．invisible D．insipid

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查单词词义辨析。根据空后的needed gingering up(需要加点作料)提示，食物应是“不好吃或无味的”。slippery意为“狡猾的；滑溜的；不可靠的”。inscribe意为“雕，刻；题写，题献”。invisible意为“看不见的；隐形的；无形的”。insipid意为“(食物或饮料)淡而无味的，没有味道的”，符合语义，故为答案。

12． I don’t______expert knowledge of this subject. A．profess B．confess C．confirm D．confront

正确答案：A 解析：本题考查动词辨析。根据句意“我不是______这一问题的专家”可知，答案为profess(自称；妄称)为答案。confess意为“承认；坦白，供认”。confirm意为“确认，批准；证实”。confront意为“面临；面对；对抗”。

13． He had no______about his talents as a singer. A．illuminations B．illustrations C．allusions D．illusions

正确答案：D 解析：本题考查名词辨析。have no illusions about…为固定搭配，意为“对……不抱希望”，故答案为[D]项。illumination意为“照明；阐明，解释清楚”。illustration意为“插图；例证”。allusion意为“暗指，间接提到；影射”。

14． There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it______. A．in detail B．in brief C．in short D．in all

正确答案：B 解析：本题考查介词短语辨析。not much time left(剩下的时间不多)提示，“告诉事情”应是“简短地说，节省时间地说”，故in brief(简言之，简单地说)为答案。in detail意为“详细地”。in short意为“总之，简言之”，用于对前面所详细论述内容进行简明扼要的总结。in all意为“总共，合计”，这均不符合语义，故均排除。

15． In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully______.

A．admitted

B．acknowledged C．absorbed D．considered

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查动词辨析。suggestions…wait…before提示，本空应填considered，故答案为[D]项。admit意为“承认”；absorb意为“吸收”和acknowledge意为“承认，认可，公认”，这些均与语义不符，故均排除。

16． There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______a sudden loud noise.

A．being there B．should there be C．there was

D．there having been

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查虚拟语气和倒装。本题是省略了if的虚拟语气句，且与将来相反，从句的谓语动词可以使用“should+动词原形”。句意为：如果突然有一个很大的声音，这些动物真的有可能被吓到。

17． By the year 2050, scientists probably______a cure for cancer. A．will be discovering B．are discovering

C．will have discovered D．have discovered

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查动词时态。“by(the time／the end of)+表示将来时间的短语或句子”为将来完成时的标志。句意为：到2050年，科学家们将可能已经找到治愈癌症的方法了。

18． Jim isn’t______, but he did badly in the final exams last semester. A．gloomy B．dull

C．awkward D．tedious

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查形容词辨析。由but可知，鲍勃虽然考得不好，但并不表示他“迟钝的，笨的”，故答案为dull(愚蠢的，笨的)。gloomy意为“令人沮丧的”；tedious意为“乏味的，单调的”；awkward指做事“不灵活的，不灵巧的”，三者均与语义不符，故均排除。

19． The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’______.

A．command B．conviction C．consent D．compromise

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查名词辨析。根据句意“男孩溜出了房间，没有父母的______就前往游泳池”可确定答案为consent(准许，同意，赞成)。command意为“命令，指示”，不符合常理，故排除。conviction意为“深信，确信”；compromise意为“妥协，折中”，这两项均不符合语义，故也排除。

20． He had______on the subject. A．a rather strong opinion B．rather strong opinion C．rather the strong opinion D．the rather strong opinion

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查修饰语顺序。rather为程度副词，故应放在形容词前，相当于very；同时opinion为可数名词，前面应该有冠词，此处明显为泛指，故使用不定冠词a，答案为[A]项。句意为：他对这个话题的观点相当强硬。

Reading Comprehension

Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders? Is it

not the soldier’s first duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors? And apart from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to do? If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war? These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called “superior orders”, and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground “that all he did was as a soldier, by the command of his superior officer whom he must obey or die,” but the court gave him short shrift, saying that “when the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous.” Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier’s duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey — and indeed must, under some circumstances — unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders will justify a subordinate’s conduct only “if not to perform a prohibited act”, and there are many other early decisions to the same effect. A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict of which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was badly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A pass-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked “ would be illegal and void” , and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder. In consequence, Bevans was convicted. The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; perhaps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the subordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?

21． It can be inferred from Para. 1 that if a soldier obeys his superior’s order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, ______.

A．he is right according to moral standards B．he should not receive any punishment C．he should certainly be liable for his action

D．he will be convicted according to the law of war

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。第一段最后一句提到，如果一个士兵被上级命令烧掉这座房屋或者枪杀那个罪犯，他怎么能以烧杀违反战争法的理由被定罪呢?结合作者的反问语气，推测作者认为士兵是执行上级命令，不应受到惩罚，故答案为[B]项。

22． What was the rule implied by the trail of the commander of the guards? A．A soldier must obey lawful orders, be he right or wrong. B．Even if an order is unlawful, the soldier must still obey it. C．A soldier may or must disobey unlawful orders or he must die. D．It is the soldier’s duty to obey superior orders whatever they are.

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。文章第二段列举了the commander of the guards的例子，他自己因处决查理一世而被送上法庭，法庭驳回他“只是服从上级命令”的辩解，宣布“当命令是叛国的，那么服从命令也是叛国的”。接着第三段第一句提到，这个判决隐含的规则是：士兵的职责是服从合法的命令，但可以——事实上在某些情况下必须——不服从非法的命令。由此可知，答案为[C]项。文中没有提到士兵必须不分对错地服从合法的命令，故排除[A]项，[B]项和[D]项与文意相悖。

23． The phrase “to the same effect” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means “which” ______.

A．are of the similar meaning B．have the same purpose C．must be put into effect D．lead to the same result

正确答案：A

解析：词义理解题。第三段先是提出“士兵的职责是服从合法的命令，可以或必须不服从非法的命令”是美国自建国以来就有的法则，接着以首席法官马歇尔的话重申了这个法则，并提到其他早期的判决。由此推测，其他早期的判决也是体现了同样的法则，即都表示相同的意思，故答案为[A]项。

24． According to the fourth paragraph, Bevans was found guilty because he______.

A．obey illegal orders B．was accused of murder

C．disobeyed the superior orders D．offended against the law of war

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。第四段提到，贝文斯说独立号上的所有海军陆战队士兵

被命令用刺刀刺死任何对他们不敬的人，而大法官约瑟夫．斯托里表示贝文斯援引的上级命令是“不合法且无效的”，如果下了这样的命令且被落实了，那么上下级都犯了谋杀罪。由此可知，贝文斯被判有罪是因为他服从了不合法的命令，故答案为[A]项。

25． It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the author’s attitude towards Bevans was______.

A．bewildering B．indignant C．approving

D．not quite sympathetic

正确答案：D

解析：观点态度题。最后一段第一句中作者提到，这项贝文斯申诉的所给予他的命令相当极端，而且波士顿港不是战场，或许期望这名海军陆战队士兵意识到刻板地服从命令会酿成大祸并不过分。换句话说，作者认为贝文斯应该意识到不应刻板地服从不合法的命令，由此推测作者认为贝文斯不值得同情，故答案为[D]项。作者用语较为平和，故排除[B]项。[A]项和[C]项都不符合文义。

Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society. “ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going

to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

26． What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? A．The habit of thinking independently. B．Profound knowledge of the world. C．Practical abilities for future career. D．The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。第一段第三句提到，甚至连我们的学校都是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的，而不是追求知识本身的。由此可知，美国家长期望孩子在学校里获得的是实用技能，四个选项中只有[C]项符合文义。

27． We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of______. A．undervaluing intellect B．favoring intellectualism C．supporting school reform

D．suppressing native intelligence

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。第四段中研究反智主义的历史学家霍夫斯塔特说，智力遭到厌恶，被认为是势力和特权的一种形式。自美国历史之初，我们对民主和平民主义的渴望就驱使我们抵制任何带有精英主义味道的东西。由此可知，美国从历史上就是看轻智力的，故答案为[A]项。[B]项与文义相悖，故排除；[C]项在文中没有提及，故排除；第四段最后一句提到，实用性、常识和天赋被看得比任何从书中学到的知识都要高贵，由此可排除[D]项。

28． The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are______. A．identical B．similar

C．complementary D．opposite

正确答案：D

解析：观点态度题。根据题干中的Ravitch和Emerson将本题出处定位于文

章第二段和第五段。第二段中提到拉维奇的观点：学校始终处于重实用性而轻知识的社会中。学校本可以是一种平衡因素，但美国的学校绝对没有抵消美国人对追求知识的厌恶。可见拉维奇支持学校追求知识。第五段第一句提到爱默生和其他先验论者认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，他说：“我们在中小学和大学的教室里一关就是十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却一无所知。”可见爱默生反对学校追求知识。因此拉维奇和爱默生的观点是相反的，答案为[D]项。

29． Emerson, according to the text, is probably______. A．a pioneer of education reform B．an opponent of intellectualism C．a scholar in favor of intellect

D．an advocate of regular schooling

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。第五段中提到了爱默生的观点：学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，由此可知，他是反对知性主义的，四个选项中只有[B]项符合文义。

30． What does the author think of intellect? A．It is second to intelligence. B．It evolves from common sense. C．It is to be pursued. D．It underlies power.

正确答案：C

解析：观点态度题。第三段中作者提到，学校应该抵消美国人对追求知识的厌恶。鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使他们易被利用和控制。如果不能批判地思考、不能捍卫自己的思想和理解他人的思想，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。并引用厄尔．绍利斯的话，说长此以往，“国家将沦为二流国家”。由此可知，作者是支持学校追求知识的，四个选项中只有[C]项符合作者的观点。

There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts. Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “ At this time, well over 1,000

studies...point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children. Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection. The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction. Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.

31． Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games? A．There is a lot of violence in the real world today. B．Something has gone wrong with today’s society. C．Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. D．Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.

正确答案：D

解析：事实细节题。根据题干中的movies，TV and video game将本题出处定位于文章第一段第二句。该句提到，电影、电视和电子游戏中充满枪战和杀戮，人们有理由询问把家庭暴力的录像当成娱乐来播放的社会到底是怎么了，由此可知，电影、电视和电子游戏中表现那么多暴力场面，是因为当今社会把暴力看成一种娱乐，故答案为[D]项。第三段提到看暴力影像会导致现实暴力，[A]项颠倒了因果关系，故排除；[B]项是对“展示暴力被认为具有娱乐性”这一社会现象的评价，并非媒体上充斥暴力的原因，故排除；[C]项文中未提及，故排除。

32． What is the skeptics’ (Line 3, Paragraph 3) view of media violence? A．Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. B．Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers. C．A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. D．The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。第三段提到，观看极其大量暴力内容的电视和录像可能导致某些人的暴力行为。问题来自于研究人员低估了研究中的不确定性或夸大其中的因果关系。怀疑论者早在多年前美国医学会等社会团体发表联合声明时就感到灰心了，声明说超过一千项研究指出对儿童而言媒体暴力和攻击行为之间存在极强的因果关系。由此推测，怀疑论者的观点认为这些研究夸大了媒体暴力与暴力行为之间的因果关系，换句话说夸大了媒体暴力对观看者的影响，四个选项中只有[B]项符合这个观点。

33． The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) to refer to those who______.

A．use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence B．initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality C．assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior D．use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。第五段第二句提到，危言耸听者(alarmists)说他们已经证明了媒体暴力导致攻击行为，[C]项是对原文say they have proved that violent media cause aggression的同义转述，故为答案。

34． In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging______.

A．the source and amount of their data B．the targets of their observation C．their system of measurement D．their definition of violence

正确答案：D

解析：事实细节题。第五段第二句提到了危言耸听者的观点，第三句中作者说他们言论背后的假设值得验证。接着提出了关于如何判断游戏“暴力”还是“非暴力”的质疑。由此可知，作者首先通过质疑暴力的定义来进行论证，故答案为[D]项。

35． What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?

A．More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn. B．It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled C．The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading. D．He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.

正确答案：A

解析：观点态度题。最后一段提到，另一个恰当的手段是缓和对媒体暴力的

抨击直到我们了解了更多。一些研究人员在谈及和证明媒体暴力的威胁时，总是将之看作板上钉钉的事。由此推测，作者认为不应轻易下结论，应该进行更多的研究，故答案为[A]项。

In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them: So we’ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible — and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measures — professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams — selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2% ～4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke. A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college isn’t life’s only competition. In the next competition — the job market and graduate school — the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph. D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.

36． Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?

A．They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.

B．They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.

C．They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.

D．They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.

正确答案：D

解析：事实细节题。题干中的parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions ways出现在第一段第一句，后文解释了这个现象的原因：家长逼迫孩子们拿高分、上SAT预备课程、做简历，以便能进人家长首选的大学。由此可知，作者说家长是大学录取战争中真正的战士，是因为在申请大学的过程中，对于大学的选择和要做的准备，家长比他们的孩子更关心。四个选项中只有[D]项符合文义。文中仅提到家长心中有首选的大学，并未提到选哪所大学的最终决定权在家长手里，故排除[A]项；[B]项和[C]项文中未提及，故排除。

37． Why do parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever? A．They want to increase their children’s chances of entering a prestigious college.

B．They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.

C．Their children will have a wider choice of which college to go to. D．Elite universities now enroll fewer students than they used to.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。第二段第二句提到了题干中所述的现象：担心的家长们逼迫孩子们申请更多的学校。下一句提到，这种歇斯底里之下隐藏的是对名校学历必定很有价值的信赖。由此可知，家长让孩子们申请更多的学校是为了让他们进名校，故答案为[A]项。其他三个选项在文中没有提及，故排除。

38． What does the author mean by saying “Kids count more than their college” (Line 1, Paragraph 4)?

A．Continuing education is more important to a person’s success. B．A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education.

C．Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college backgrounds. D．What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.

正确答案：C

解析：推理判断题。该句后文提到，名校文凭不是唯一的指标，而且它的价值还在降低。进大学不是人生中唯一的竞赛。下一场竞赛是就业或考研，结果可能会变化。据此推断，该句的意思是：能体现孩子们能力的不仅是获得哪所大学的文凭。四个选项中只有[C]项符合文义。

39． What does Krueger’s study tell us?

A．Getting into Ph. D. programs may be more competitive than getting into

college.

B．Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs.

C．Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores.

D．Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.

正确答案：B

解析：事实细节题。根据题干中的Krueger将本题出处定位于第四段最后两句。据他研究，要申请一个顶尖的博士项目，起作用的是GRE成绩而不是名校文凭，故答案为[B]项。文中仅提到名校生并不能保证申请到博士项目，并未比较申请大学和申请博士项目的难易程度，故排除[A]项；[C]项文中未提及，故排除；第四段倒数第三句提到，校友关系网正在瓦解，[D]项与文义相悖，故排除。

40． One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that______. A．they earn less than their peers from other institutions B．they turn out to be less competitive in the job market C．they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation D．they overemphasize their qualifications in job applications

正确答案：C 解析：事实细节题。文章末尾提到一项研究发现，在其他条件相当的情况下，名校毕业生更容易对工作表示不满意。由此可知答案为[C]项。其他三个选项文中未提及，故排除。

Writing

41． Directions: Based on the information given below, please write an essay of about 600 words on the answer sheet. You have 60 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. If you could travel back in time or into the future, which would you choose and what exact period of time would you like to experience? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Suggested title for the essay is: The Time Machine You may use your own title if you like.

正确答案： Time Travel to the Three Kingdoms The Three Kingdoms was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu. This period was a time of chaotic, with tangled warfare among seigneurs who controlled parts of areas, mastered the army and governed the people. There are several reasons that attract me to time travel there. First and foremost, I want to have a talk with those heroic figures. It is said that “A hero is nothing but a product of his time.” The Three Kingdoms was a time with a quirky twist. Hence it created so many figures that left an indelible mark in history. Among those figures are some emperors, kings, generals and ministers as well as ordinary persons. I wish I could speak with Zhuge

Liang. I’m very interested in his ability of scheming. His ability of mapping out a strategy and winning a thousand miles away amazes me. I’m curious about how he guesses ideas of other people, and predicts the process of something. Of course, I would never forget to ask about his feelings when he wrote Chushibiao. Also, I want to talk with Diao Chan, one of the four beauties in ancient China. I would like to ask her if she felt helplessness and loneliness in turbulent days. I would be glad to listen to her stories and what she experienced. Honestly speaking, those rich and colorful images with vivid and distinctive characters draw my attention. If I have a chance to do time travel, I will go back to the Three Kingdoms period without hesitation. Another reason why I especially hope to travel back to that period is that I want to gain some insight into the Battle of Red Cliffs. The war broke out in the winter of AD 208 between the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior forces of Cao Cao. Around the battle, some idioms and allusions were created, like “borrowing arrows with straw boats” and “Everything is ready and all that we need is an east wind.” There are also allegorical sayings, for example, “ a punishment skillfully given by Zhou Yu and gladly taken by Huang Gai”, according to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. All of these attract me to see the fighting with my own eyes, and experience the magnificent war and its ups and downs, as well as to understand feelings of people involved in the battle. The Battle of Red Cliffs is not only a classic battle in which the minority overtake the majority, but also unveils an art of war. The wisdom and passions for homeland of the genius in the ancient world contained in the battle win my great admiration and esteem. Last but not least, the Three Kingdoms period has splendid culture. As this period in Chinese history was exposed to frequent wars, instability of the time, literati lived in the era depicted chaos caused by wars and sufferings of the people. Numerous predominant poets emerged including Cao Cao and his two sons, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, as well as the seven leading writers during the Jian An Period. Literati expressed their concerns about the country and the people through their works. I wish I could catch a glimpse of them and talk with them. Through history books, I knew the Three Kingdoms period. Though it was only a fleeting moment in Chinese history, remarkable accomplishments were achieved in literature, philosophy and technology. Moreover, it left us some suspenseful stories to think over. Thus, if it were possible, I would time travel to the Three Kingdoms period to witness one of the most significant phases in Chinese history.

Cloze Text

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 【C1】______ this is largely because,【C2】______animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are【C3】______ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 【C4】______the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 【C5】______, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 【C6】______ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of【C7】______human smells even when these are【C8】______ to far below one part in one

million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,【C9】______others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate【C10】______smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send【C11】______ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell【C12】______can suddenly become sensitive to it when【C13】______ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it【C14】______to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can【C15】______new receptors if necessary. This may 【C16】______explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not【C17】______of the usual smell of our own house but we【C18】______ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors【C19】______for unfamiliar and emergency signals【C20】______the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

42． 【C1】 A．although B．as C．but D．while

正确答案：C

解析：逻辑衔接题。横线前说的是一种普遍看法(are often thought to be)：人类嗅觉不如动物灵敏(insensitive smellers)，横线后作者解释原因：这主要是因为我们是直立着的(we stand upright)。可见，横线前后为转折关系，且this is largely because， ______ animals，we stand uptight为语句重点所在，故答案为but。如果横线处填入although或while，横线所在部分为让步状语从句，下一句的this指代主句Humans are…with animals，而主句与that从句内容上不对应，无法用means连接，故排除although和while。as表示原因，但横线所在部分已经有了明确表示原因的because，无需再用as，故也排除。

43． 【C2】 A．above B．unlike C．excluding D．besides

正确答案：B 解析：语义衔接题。横线所在部分说的是人类被认为不如动物嗅觉灵敏的原因：______ animals，we stand upright。既然说的是人类被认为不如动物嗅觉敏感的原因，那么也应涉及人与动物的区别的对比，表示人类与动物不同unlike(不像……，与……不同)符合语境，故为答案。above(上述，在……之上)与句意完全无关，故排除。横线处如果填入excluding(不包括，除去)或besides(除……之

外)，是说“除了动物，我们人类也是直立的”，明显与现实不符，故均排除。

44． 【C3】 A．limited B．committed C．dedicated D．confined

正确答案：A

解析：语义衔接题。句首的this指代上句提到的 ______animals，we stand upright，本句承接上句，主要是讲人类直立对嗅觉产生的影响，照应上句的insensitive smellers，那么此处应该是说与动物相比人类嗅觉的劣势：我们人类的鼻子局限于感知空气中流动的气味(those smells which float through the air)，故答案为limited。committed(致力于)和dedicated(致力于)后接想要实现的目标，填入空中表示感知空气中流动的气味是鼻子的目标，但本句主要是想表现与动物相比人类的嗅觉因直立离地面远而受限、不够灵敏，不符合语境，故排除。confined(被限制)与limited近义，为强干扰项，但confined侧重“范围”，而limited侧重“程度，限度”，本句说的是人类鼻子的灵敏程度，故排除confined。

45． 【C4】 A．catching B．ignoring C．missing D．tracking

正确答案：C

解析：语义衔接题。横线所在句的句意为“我们人类的鼻子只能闻到空气中飘浮的气味，……大多数附在地表的气味。不难发现，人类闻到的气味有限，没有闻到大部分附在地表的气味”，故答案为missing。如果空中填入catching(捕捉，抓住)或tracking(跟踪，追溯)，表示人类既能感知空气中流动的气味又能抓住或捕捉地表的气味，不能体现与动物相比人类嗅觉的局限，与上句“人类常被认为嗅觉不如动物灵敏”相矛盾，故均排除。ignoring(忽视)表示故意忽略，而本句说的是人类嗅觉的灵敏程度，应该是客观描述人类闻不到什么气味，而不是刻意忽略什么气味，故也排除[B]项。

46． 【C5】 A．anyway B．though C．instead D．therefore

正确答案：B

解析：逻辑衔接题。空前的in fact提示转折关系，故本空应填构成上下文转折关系的副词。横线所在句主要是说“其实，我们人类的嗅觉非常灵敏”，上两

句则说“人类常被认为不如动物嗅觉灵敏，只局限于感知空气中流动的气味，而遗漏附着在地表的气味”，本句明显与上文构成转折关系，though(可是，不过，然而)表示转折，符合此处的逻辑要求，故为答案。anyway(无论如何，不管怎么说)强调we are extremely sensitive to smells是事实，而句首的in fact(实际上，其实)也表示强调，如果本空填anyway显得多余，又不能体现出本句与上文的转折关系，故排除。instead(反而，却)也有转折含义，为强干扰项，但instead表替代性转折，连接一个否定表达和一个肯定表达，表示“不是……，而是／反而……”，横线所在部分不是这样的句式，故排除。therefore意为“因此，所以”，构成因果关系，明显不符合此处的逻辑要求，故也排除。

47． 【C6】 A．even if B．if only C．only if D．as if

正确答案：A 解析：逻辑衔接题。In fact，______，we are extremely sensitive to smells，______ we do not generally realize it(______ 我们通常意识不到，______实际上我们人类嗅觉非常灵敏)表明，横线前后内容意思矛盾，故横线处所填短语构成转折关系，因此答案为even if(即使，虽然)。if only意为“要是……多好”，后接虚拟语气；only if(只有在……情况下)强调条件；as if(好像，仿佛)后接虚拟语气，这三项均不符合此处的逻辑要求，故均排除。

48． 【C7】 A．distinguishing B．discovering C．determining D．detecting

正确答案：D

解析：语义衔接题。空后的human smells为所填动名词的宾语，本句主要是说“即使当人类的气味被______到不及原来的百万分之一，人类的鼻子也能够______到它们”，强调的是气味如此难以察觉而人类的鼻子仍然能够闻到，detecting(察觉，发现)符合语境，故为答案。distinguishing(看出，听出，辨别出)强调将某物从同类事物中辨别出来，discovering(发现，发觉)强调发现原先没看见或不知道的事物，determining(查明，确定)强调通过调查而确定、查明，这三项均不符合此处语境，故均排除。

49． 【C8】 A．diluted B．dissolved C．dispersed D．diffused

正确答案：A

解析：语义衔接题。these指代human smells，所填词应能与human smells构成动宾搭配。横线所在部分是说“这些气味被______到不及原来的百万分之一”。one part in one million说的是人类的气味的浓度，浓度变小，说明物质被稀释了，diluted强调“液体或气体的稀释”，符合语义，故为答案。dissolved强调“固体在液体中的溶解”。dispersed和diffused强调“范围上扩散，分散，疏散”，与far below one part in one million在语义上不通，故均排除。

50． 【C9】 A．when B．since C．for

D．whereas

正确答案：D

解析：逻辑衔接题。结合选项可知，所填关联词表明横线前后两部分的逻辑关系。横线前部分说“一些人发现他们能分辨出一种花香而分辨不出另外一种花香”，横线后部分则说“另一些人对两种花香都很敏感”，可见两部分之间为转折对比关系，whereas“然而，但是，尽管”符合此处的逻辑关系，故为答案。when(当……时候)表示时间或两件事同时发生。since(自……以来；因为，由于)，既表示时间，也表示原因，for(因为)表示原因，这三项均不能使本句逻辑通顺，故均排除。

51． 【C10】 A．unusual B．particular C．unique D．typical

正确答案：B

解析：语义衔接题。句首的this指代上句内容，本句承接上句，说明有些人可以分辨出一种花香而分辨不出另一种花香的原因：因为这些人缺少能使鼻子中产生 ______ 气味感应器的基因，可见这些感应器特指能够感应特定花香(即前句说的分辨不出的那种花香)的那种感应器，particular(特定的，某一的)符合此处语境，故为答案。unusual(不寻常的；与众不同的)强调与正常情况不同。unique(唯一的，独一无二的)强调独一无二、仅此一个。typical(特有的；典型的)强调典型性，代表性。均不符合此处语境，故排除。

52． 【C11】 A．signs B．stimuli C．messages D．impulses

正确答案：C

解析：语义衔接题。which引导定语从句，修饰cells，说明这些细胞的功能，从句中and连接两个并列谓语sense和send。本句是说这些感应器是一些细胞，这些细胞能够感应气味并把______发送到大脑，所填词应与send构成动宾搭配。从句意来看，向大脑发送的应该是细胞所感应到的气味的信息，messages(消息，音信)符合此处语义要求，故为答案。signs意为“痕迹，征兆，表象”与messages近义，为强干扰项，但不能与send构成动宾搭配，故排除。stimuli(刺激物，促进因素)和impulses(冲动，一时兴起的念头)均不能使此处语义通顺，故排除。

53． 【C12】 A．at first B．at all C．at large D．at times

正确答案：A 解析：语义衔接题。横线所在句前后为时间顺接或条件关系。at first意为“开始，起初”，符合句意，故为答案。at all((用于否定句)丝毫(不)，一点也不)和at large(详尽地，充分地；一般来说)不符合此处语境，故均排除。at times(有时，偶尔)也表时间，为强干扰项，但“对……敏感／不敏感”是一种持续性的状态，而不是一种间歇性的动作，故排除。

54． 【C13】 A．subjected B．left C．drawn D．exposed

正确答案：D

解析：语义衔接题。横线所在部分为省略了主语they和be动词are的状语从句。其中，it指代前面的a certain smell，they指代people…at first，所填动词应与they构成动宾搭配，且后面能接to it。另外，此处阐述的是这些人由对某些气味不敏感变为敏感的条件：当这些人经常______ 这种气味时。exposed(暴露)代入句中，they are exposed to it．．．搭配合理，且“这些人经常被暴露于该种气味当中，即经常接触该种气味”能成为这些人对该气味敏感的条件，故答案为[D]项。be subjected to(经受，遭受)和be left to(被留交；遗赠)与smell语义不匹配，故均排除。be drawn to (被吸引)代入句中，“当这些人经常被吸引到该气味那里去”语义也不通，前面说对这些气味不敏感、闻不到，如何会被吸引呢?故排除。

55． 【C14】 A．ineffective B．incompetent C．inefficient

D．insufficient

正确答案：C

解析：语义衔接题。四个选项均表示“不足的，不够的”，而能用来形容to keep…all the time (让所有的气味感应器持续工作)这一工作部署的特点且符合本句语义的只有inefficient(效率低的)。此处是说“大脑发现让所有的气味感应器持续工作效率很低”，暗含大脑并没有让所有的气味感应器都持续工作的意思，导致对有些气味不敏感，恰好成为“对气味不敏感”的解释，句子逻辑合理，可见答案为[C]项。ineffective为强干扰项，也能使本句句意通顺，但上段明确提到“气味感应器能够感知气味并向大脑传递信息”，而此处说“所有气味感应器持续工作没有效果”，明显不合逻辑，故排除。incompetent(无能的，不胜任的)一般用来修饰人，故排除。insufficient相当于not enough，表示量的不充足，与此处不定式结构语义不匹配，故排除。

56． 【C15】 A．introduce B．summon C．trigger D．create

正确答案：D

解析：语义衔接题。but前说“大脑发现让所有的气味感应器持续工作效率低”，暗含不让所有感应器都持续工作之意，but表示转折，可见横线所在部分应表示“让感应器工作”。所填动词应能与new receptors构成动宾搭配，new表明，这些感应器是新的，create(创造)符合此处搭配要求，代人空中是说“大脑在必要的情况下创造新的感应器”，可与the brain finds it…all the time构成转折，故[D]项为答案。introduce强调“从外部引进原来没有的事物”，可与new receptors构成动宾搭配，但“大脑从外部引进感应器”不符合逻辑，故排除。summon(召集，召唤)和trigger(引发，激发)后加已有的事物作宾语，与new语义矛盾，故均排除。

57． 【C16】 A．still B．also

C．otherwise D．nevertheless

正确答案：B

解析：逻辑衔接题。this指代上句的that从句the brain…necessary，而该从句在上句中是在解释为什么人们对某些气味不够敏感。本句承接上句，说这解释了我们为什么通常对自己的气味不敏感，上句解释过一个了，这句又可以解释一个，可见本句与上句之间成递进关系，这既解释了……，也解释了……，also意为“而且(也)，此外(还)”，表示递进，符合此处的逻辑要求，故为答案。still(还是，仍然)表示转折，otherwise(否则，不然)表示选择，nevertheless(仍然，然而，不过)表示转折，三者均不符合此处的逻辑要求，故均排除。

58． 【C17】 A．sure B．sick C．aware D．tired

正确答案：C

解析：语义衔接题。上句提到，我们通常对自己的气味不敏感，横线所在部分承接上句，说的是具体表现：我们不______我们自己家里惯有的气味，既然是不敏感，那么应该是察觉不到的，aware(察觉)符合此处语义要求，故为答案。此外，横线所在部分与上句we are not usually sensitive to our own smells之间在结构上对应，are not______ of对应are not sensitive to，可见所填词与sensitive近义，也能说明答案为[C]项。be sure of(确信；对……有把握)，be sick of(对……感到厌烦)和be tired of(对……厌烦，厌倦)均不符合此处语境，故排除。

59． 【C18】 A．tolerate B．repel C．neglect D．notice

正确答案：D

解析：语义衔接题。but连接两个语义转折的并列分句，可见，横线所在的分句在语义上与前一个分句构成转折，前一个分句说“我们察觉不到自己家里惯有的气味”，那么横线所在部分应该是说“当我们拜访别人家时就会注意到不熟悉的气味”，notice(注意到，意识到)符合语境，与are not aware of对应，使两个分句构成转折，故为答案。tolerate(容忍，忍受)，repel(驱逐，赶走)和neglect(忽略)代入句中，“当我们拜访别人家时就会容忍／驱逐／忽略不熟悉的气味”不能与前一个分句构成转折关系，故均排除。

60． 【C19】 A．available B．reliable C．identifiable D．suitable

正确答案：A

解析：语义衔接题。横线所在句说的是大脑认为最适合的工作方式：最好是让气味感应器为陌生紧急信号保持______。上句阐述了人类的嗅觉特点：察觉不到自己家中惯有的气味，却能注意到别人家不熟悉的气味。可见，大脑是让这些气味感应器保持随时能够感应到陌生或紧急气味的，available表示“让感应器随时用于接收陌生紧急信号”，符合语义，故为答案。available for unfamiliar signals对应上句的notice new smells。reliable(可靠的，可信赖的)，identifiable(可识别的)

和suitable(适合的)代入句中，“使这些感应器对陌生紧急气味来说是可靠的／可识别的／合适的”均说不通，故排除。

61． 【C20】 A．similar to B．such as C．along with D．aside from

正确答案：B

解析：语义衔接题。结合选项可知，所填短语表明the smell of smoke…(预示着火灾的烟味)与空前unfamiliar and emergency signals(陌生紧急信号)之间的关系。根据常识可知，预示着火灾的烟味是紧急信号的一种，可见the smell of smoke…是对unfamiliar and emergency signals的举例，such as(例如)表示例证，符合二者之间的关系，故为答案。similar to(和……相似，类似)表示类比，along with(和……一起)表示并列，aside from(除……以外)表示包含，均不符合二者之间的关系，故排除。