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2022-06-29 来源:小侦探旅游网
浅谈英语中系动词be的用法

程爱霞

摘 要 Be是一个常见常用的动词。由于其句法功能复杂,形式变化特殊,

用法灵活,在二语习得领域一直都是研究的热点之一。关于Be的用法在国内外已有大量研究成果,许多专家学者都做过深入细致的研究,本文针对英语初学者,从Be的形式和用法两个方面,通过归纳、总结、例证等方法,较为全面的分析了Be的常见用法。

关键词:Be; 用法; 分析

1.引言

动词Be作为一类特殊的动词,在许多语法书中专辟有相当的篇幅加以论述。已有众多专家学者从Be的句法功能(Quirk,1985; Biber, 2000等)、Be动词的习得(Mazurkewich, 1985; Hirakwa, 1995等)、Be 的进行体(Lee, 1998, Quirk, 1985 等)、Be的被动态(蔡金婷,2000;陈万霞,2002等)等方面做了深入细致的研究。他们的成果为英语教学和学习研究提供了大量宝贵的参考和指导。但是,Be的几种特殊用法却常被初学者忽视,他们往往简单地将Be看做是联系动词,认为易学易掌握。而许多关于Be的专著对于初学者来说又晦涩难懂,这就不可避免的给英语学习和教学带来了很多难题。令人头痛的问题就是对词语变化了解甚少,对词义理解不深入,对一些相关句型分析不透,甚至对经常使用,经常见面的词组也感到很难掌握。

本文针对英语初学者,结合国内外研究成果,将Be的用法归纳、总结为四个方面:用作助动词;用作半助动词;用作联系动词;用作实意动词,并对Be的形式作了分析。 2. Be的形式

Be之所以是一个非常有用的动词,其原因在于它具有与其他动词不同的特殊变化形式,而这些变化形式决定了它本身所特有的句法功能(董绍露,1994:41)。在英语中,除不完全变化动词外,动词有五种变化形式,但是只有动词Be是个例外,它有八种变化形式(be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been)。 2.1 Be的形式及其变体: 肯定式 缩略肯定否定式 式 原型 be 缩略否定式 现在式第一人称 I 现在式第三人称单数he,she,it am is I'm 's 're I am not is not are not I'm not isn't 's not aren't 're not 现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、are 三人称复数you,we,they 过去式第一、三人称单数I,he,she,it 过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、were 三人称复数you,we,they 现在分词 being was was not wasn't were not weren't not being 过去分词 2.2 Be的几种特殊形式及用法

been not been 1) Were用在虚拟语气中时不受人称或数的影响:

If I were you, I would not give up. If he were there, he might do it very well.

If they were good students, they would not do it in class. 2) Been 用在have, has, had 后面:

I have been to Beijing many times. He has washed clothes since this morning. They had done it well before their boss went there. 3) Being可以用来:

①构成进行时的被动语态: The case is being studied. They were being tried. ②构成动名词的被动形式: He is angry with being laughed at. Being misunderstood is a bad thing. ③构成分词的被动形式:

The book being used by the teacher is mine. Being criticized by the leader, he keeps silent.

4) Be可以:

① 用来构成祈使句: Be quite! Love and be loved.

② 用在另一助动词后(have 和be除外): He will be going. You may be tired. He cannot be mistaken. ③ 用在不定式中: I want to be a teacher.

It is not easy to be a good teacher. ④ 用在引导的从句中,表示该做的事: It is decided that Tim (should) be rewarded.

He told me the news that the sports meeting (should) be put off. 3. Be的用法

动词是用来表示行为、动作或状态的词,用作谓语时,有人称和数的变化。英语动词根据其语义、用法、词形变化、结合方式等可分为助动词、半助动词、联系动词、实意动词、情态动词五种。Be除不能用作情态动词外,前四种句法功能全都具有。

3.1用作助动词(Auxiliary Verb)

Be用作助动词本身没有词汇意义,不能单独用作谓语,只在句中帮助普通动词构成各种时态、语态和语气等。其句法功能表现在:

1) 助动词be的各种限定形式与普通动词的现在分词连用构成谓语动词的各种进行体时态。如:

I am still working in a factory. He is making coffee for me.

When I saw him, he is locking the door.

Who were doing that stupid thing when it was snowing?

但是,助动词be的进行体形式不能和普通动词的现在分词连用,如不能说: I am being working. They were being making.

2) 助动词be的各种限定形式与普通动词的过去分词连用构成谓语动词的各种被动语态形式。但是在被动语态中,没有完成进行时,也没有将来进行时。被动语态的将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用到。

在被动语态中,助动词通常是be,但有时也可以是get。但get一般只用于没有表达出生物施动者的结构中。在正式文体中避免将get用于被动语态。即使在非正式文体中,用get的被动语态也远不如用be的被动语态常见。

3) 与少数不及物动词如:arrive,become,burst,come,degenerate,clapse,fade,fall,go,grow,land,return,set,rise,sink 等的过去分词连用,表示完成了的动作、行为。这种用法与完成时态没有多大区别。如:He is come.就等于:He has come. The summer is gone.就等于:The summer has gone.这种句子在现代英语中已经不常用了。所以现在把它看作是联系动词加过去分词作表语的系表结构,而不再看作是动词的完成体。

3.2 用作半助动词(Semi-auxiliary Verb)

Be用作半助动词时只有时态变化,只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时,不能和情态动词 shall, will 连用表示将来;没有进行体,完成体和被动语态形式,也没有非限定形式。其句法功能表现在: 1) 构成there be句型。例如:

If there is to be revolution, there must be a revolutionary party.

Even if there are to be seas of fire and forests of knives, we will charge ahead. 2) 用于虚拟语气,表示可能实现的推测。例如:

If he were to come tomorrow, I would speak to him about it. If it were to rain, we should get wet. 3) 和带to的不定式连用

半助动词be与带to的不定式连用构成谓语,是英语中较常用来表达多种语义功能的用法。常可表示:按计划安排、规定将要发生的事;想要做的事;以后将要发生的事;本来打算或要做而没有做的事;应当做的事;客观事物存在的可能与不可能性;第三者的愿望或命令;职责、意图等。如下列例句:

① We are to leave Beijing for New York before this Sunday. ② He is to hand in his homework tomorrow.

③ The next day the doctor were to decide whether an operation was necessary.

④ I was to have seen the film yesterday, but was called away to play basketball.

⑤ Such views are to be criticized.

⑥ Sea level is not to be below the Dead Sea. ⑦ You are to go home at once. ⑧ Soldiers are to obey orders.

⑨ You are to take the enemy stronghold before dawn.

上述例句①的用法除了指事先作好安排外,还可以指“命运”,即隐藏在未来之中的事,是所谓“命中注定的事”。如:

When we said goodbye, I thought it was forever. But we were to meet again, many years later, under very strange circumstances.(在我们告别的时候,我觉得以后不会再见面了。可是命中注定,多年后,在一个不寻常的场合我们又相会了。)(葛传,廖文渊,1977:109)。

例句④通常总是由动词be的过去时加不定式的完成体形式构成谓语,用来表示“本来打算或本来想要做„”这一语义概念。

例句⑤的用法要注意区别与谈话者本身的劝告或命令。试比较: You are to go home at once. You must go home at once.

这种句式结构表达命令时,还常在父母对子女,长辈对晚辈让做或不让做某种事情的情况下使用。如:

Tell her she is not to be back late.

You are to finish your homework before you watch TV

应当注意的是,在英语中还有一种由动词be构成的半助动词“be going to”。这种结构形式在现代英语,特别是口语中用于表示将来比用shall, will还要普遍(刘爱英,韩景权,2004:39)。“be going to”有两个最基本的用法:一是表示说话人的一种“打算”(intention),二是表明说话人从当前情况出发的某种“推断”(prediction)。如:

We are going to see a film tonight. It is going to rain, I am afraid.

在人们的日常生活中,要表达这两个概念是经常的事,毫无主观意图和设想的纯粹的将来活动恐怕是不多的。shall与will往往满足不了人们表达这种主观意图的需要。这就是为什么“be going to”被人们普遍使用的主要原因之一(董绍

露,1994:32-33)。

3.3 用作联系动词 (Link Verb)

在英语里,最常用、最主要的联系动词就是be。用作联系动词时,其本身没有什么意义,只是在谓语和主语之间起联系作用。而且它是个典型的无感情色彩的联系动词,只用于表示事物的本质或偶然发生的事情(Quirk,1972:149)。 作为联系动词,be是一个不完全谓语动词(a verb of incomplete predication) (Quirk.1972:149),即它还需要补充某些词语。在英语中,大多数词类和一些短语都可以用作主语补足语。而且在含有be的句子中,其主语大都是人称代词或者可以代替它们的名词结构。

用作联系动词时,be通常把一个主语和一个补足语连在一起,用来表示主语是补足语所代表的一类人或物中的一个成员(如My father is a doctor.);也可以是补足语描述主语的性质或主语的位置(如She is pretty. They are in the house.);be仅仅用来表示“存在”这一语义是不常见的(如Those things can't be.) 作为联系动词,be可以同名词、代词(或所有格)、形容词、副词、动名词、分词、动词不定式(或不定式短语)、介词(或介词短语)、分句等连用,充当它的主语补足语。例如:

His father is a lawyer.(名词) The book is mine.(代词)

Those students are not Mary's classmates.(所属格) It is not long.(形容词) The plan is off.(副词)

Beijing is five times as big as my hometown.(倍数) Time is pressing.(分词)

Our duty is serving the people.(动名词) The best is yet to come.(动词不定式)

His greatest pleasure is to sit in the pub talking to his friends.(不定式短语) At last he was at liberty.(介词) We are not yet out of danger.(介词短语) The trouble is (that) all the shops are shut.(分句)

从上述例句可以看出,联系动词be的句法功能只是在主语和主语补足语之间

起联系作用。正是因为具有这种联系作用,在句子中才有可能与主语和主语补足语一起表达多种语义的可能。特别是人们在日常生活中经常涉及到的如时间、日期、年龄、长度、宽度、高度、距离、重量、 价钱、天气、身体以及精神状态等这些语气时,通常都用“主语+be+主语补足语„”这一句式结构来表达。请看下列例句:

It is now exactly two o'clock. Today is Sunday. He is eleven years old.

The post office is six miles away. The ruler is one meter in length. I am pleased. (hot,cold,happy,well)

另外,联系动词be还经常用于表示以下意思: ①表示“是”的意思。例如:

I am a student.

The house is really mine.

②表示“做什么工作”,当“什么人”等意思。例如:

What are you going to be when you grow up? I am going to be a teacher.

③表示“存在”,“居留”等意思。例如:

A beggar is at the door.

I haven't been out since this morning. ④表示“来过”,“去过”等意思。例如:

Nobody has been there. I have never been to Beijing.

⑤表示“发生”,“出现”等意思。例如:

They were married in 2008.

The moon was now above the tree in the east. Be用作联系动词时要注意以下几点:

1)联系动词be通常不用于进行体,除非意思发生了转变或表示一种短暂的、具体的动作,特别是一种有意识的状态,含behave,act,speak的意思时,可以用进行体。例如:

Mary is being witty today.

Tom is being naught again. I am being serious.

2)当be意为 “take place”时,要求主语只能是事件性名词( Eventive Noun),即指“发生的事情”,“各种活动”,“特殊事件”等。而联系动词be的后面通常总是接表时间的词或短语。例如:

The meeting wasn't over till midnight. The entrance examination is next month.

3) Be虽然可以用作助动词和联系动词,但是一个词不能同时用作助动词和联系动词,如不能说:He is old and still working in the factory.

4) Be用作联系动词时,不但有限定形式,而且还有非限定形式。例如:

You must be tired.

We all want to be a good student.

He could not bear being made fun of like that.

5) 联系动词be的一般过去时可用于表示现在的动作或状态,比用一般现在时的口气要婉转、客气。例如:

She was tall, near six feet in height.

If I were to tell him all I know, he would be amazed.

6)与it构成强调句型,被强调的词、短语或从句作表语。例如:

It was under the leadership of the Party that China had developed so fast in past thirty years.

3.4 用作实意动词(Content Verb)

Be用作实意动词时,可在句中单独作谓语,不需要和表语相结合,而且具有比较明确的词汇意义(董绍露,1994:36) 。Be虽然有时态和形式的变化,但通常不用于进行体。其句法功能表现在:

1) 它的完成体形式通常用来表示“来过”,“去过(某地)”等意思。例如:

Tom has just been there. Have you ever been to Lanzhou?

2) 用于表示“存在”,与exist, live同意。例如:

Can such things be? His dog is no more.

3) 通常与引导词there连用构成特殊句型,用来表示“存在”的意思。例如:

There is a car waiting outside.

There aren't many people interested in the club.

4) 实意动词be的非限定形式to be 和being也可以和引导词there构成there to be, there being这种句式结构。例如:

People don't like there to be another meeting. There being nothing else to do, we went back. 上述句式结构有时可以相互转换。例如:

It's impossible for there to be a meeting tonight. It's impossible that there is a meeting tonight.

有时限定形式与非限定形式还可以结合起来使用。例如:

It's said that there are dreams in that place. There are said to be dreams in that place.

另外,there to be和there being这两种结构形式都可以作介词宾语。如果介词是for,只能用there to be结构形式,如果介词不是for,而是其他,则要用there being结构形式。而且there being结构形式还能用作名词性分句和状语分句。 Be用作实意动词从语义功能上看,它与be用作联系动词所表示的意思是基本相同的。区别它们的主要标志是看它们是否带有表语,如带有表语就是联系动词,否则就是实意动词。有时be后带有副词或介词短语,如果重在表示主语的状态就是表语,be就是联系动词;如果重在表示主语的动作就是状语,be就是实意动词,试比较:

He'll be in the city till next month. (表示状态) He'll be in the city next month.(表示动作) 5. 结语

通过上述分析,我们不难看出,动词be形式变化特殊,这是其他任何动词都

无可比拟的,而形式变化的多样性决定了其句法功能的复杂性。它除了不能作情态动词外,其他四种动词功能(助动词、半助动词、联系动词、实意动词)它都具备。因此,动词be在英语中扮演着一个极其特殊而重要的角色,长期以来,它一直都是二语习得领域的研究热点之一。对于英语学习者来说,掌握be的用法是学好英语的必备条件。本文在总结、归纳语法规则的同时,列举了大量简单、易懂的例子,力求为英语学习者提供一份有价值的参考。

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