阅读技巧及应试策略
第一节 常用阅读技巧及运用范例
阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系，进行判断、猜测、思考，最终达到理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skimming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。
一、浏览试题以明确目标
在进行阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完Section A选择题的题干和四个选项以及Section B简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：
85．What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Public speaking in international forums. B. Public speaking in daily life context.
C. The many uses of public speaking. D. The rules of public speaking.
通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。
The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now, twitter, instant messaging, e—mail, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communication--but none can replace the role of a great speech.
The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.
Over the past year, the human voice has helped guide US over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time.
Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.
Inspirational speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people’s hearts．During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.
A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1 N1 pandemic (流行病) was announced, the idea of “swine flu” (猪流感) scared many people. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions.
Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna’s speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music.
It’s not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.
If you're taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk (鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance.
On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use．To learn those roles you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.
解题点拨：
在第一、二段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍public speaking的重要作用：Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view；Inspirational speeches confront the
emotions；A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us；Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech…；It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives．由此可知，C能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。
二、通过略读（skimming）全文以掌握主旨
略读(skimming)又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握结构(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地进行阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下：
(1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进行预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。
(2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。
(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。
(4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用的标志词。
下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用： 以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可，其余细节可略去不读。
There are superstitions attached to numbers; even those ancient Greeks believed that all
numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance．
Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influence over the affairs of men.
For example, it is commonly said that luck, good or bad, comes in three: if an accident happens, two more of the same kind may be expect soon afterwards. The arrival of a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period.
Another belief involving the number three has it that it is unlucky to light three cigarettes from the one match. If this happens, the bad luck that goes with the deed falls upon the person whose cigarette was the last to be lit. The ill-omen linked to the lighting of three things from one match or candle goes back to at least the 17th century and probably earlier. It was believed that three candles alight at the same time would be sure to bring bad luck; one, two, or four, were permissible, but never just three.
Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck. The ancient astrologers believed that the universe was governed by seven plants; students of Shakespeare will recall that the life of man was divided into seven ages. Seven horseshoes nailed to a horse will protect it from all evil.
Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number because it is the product of three times three. It was much used by the Anglo-Saxons in their charms for healing.
Another belief was that great changes occurred every 7th and 9th of a man’s life.
Consequently, the age of 63 (the product of nine and seven) was thought to be a very perilous time for him. If he survived his 63rd year he might hope to live to a ripe old age.
Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear.
The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christ’s Last Supper. This being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christians.
In modern times 13 is an especially unlucky number of a dinner party, for example. Hotels will avoid numbering a floor the 13th; the progression is from 12 to 14, and no room is given the number 13. Many home owners will use 121/2 instead of 13 as their house number.
Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs.
解题点拨：
通过略读各段的主题句可知，本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。全文为“总-分-总”结构，第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”，下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义，最后一段表明作者的态度。文章后的题目为：
1. According to the passage, which of the following groups of numbers will certainly bring good luck to people?
A. 3 and 7 B. 3 and 9 C. 7 and 9 D. 3 and 13
解析：选C。通过略读第五、六段的开头句Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck.和Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number...便可得出正确答案为C。
2. The ill luck associated with 13 is supposed to have its origin in . A. legend B. religion C. popular belief D. certain customs
解析：选B。通过略读第八段的Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear.和第九段的The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christ’s Last Supper.便可得知B为正确答案。
3. What is the author’s attitude towards people’s superstitious beliefs?
A. He is mildly critical. B. He is strongly critical.
C. He is in favor of them. D. His attitude is not clear.
解析：选A。略读全文最后一段Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs. 即可知，作者的态度为A。
三、通过扫读（scanning）定位以获取特定、关键信息
扫读（scanning）又称“寻读”或“查读”，同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息，如人物、事件、地点、数字等，而对其他不相关
内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料，找到所需要的信息。这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐字逐句过目。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现相关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，从而既保证扫读的速度，又做到准确无误。扫读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知；而扫读则是读者在略读之后，根据已知的文章大意与结构，按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，从而找到正确答案。例如，英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题：
According to the passage, “...spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp” means that spring cleaning .
A. is no longer an easy practice to understand
B. is no longer part of modern family life
C. requires more family members to be involved
D. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge
原文如下：
I know when I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.
Spring cleaning.
I’ll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today’s busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order.
“Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?” I say.
“Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?” my husband answers.
But I tell my family, spring cleaning can’t wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation(冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be clean!”
Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when it’s dark. When spring’s light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house we’ve been hibernating in for four months.
I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring’s arrival. I speak to them about life’s greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum from
the bathtub, which hasn’t been properly cleaned since the first snowfall.
“I’ll do it,” says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home.
“You will? Wow!” I exclaim.
Maybe after all these years, he’s finally grasped the concept. Maybe he’s expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he’s going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he’s being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.
No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning.
“Awake and be clean!” I say.
解题点拨：
在通读全文的基础上，考生通过扫读可知，本文主要谈论现代家庭对待春季大扫除的态度以及作者自己家一次大扫除的过程。扫读后可将题干中的 “...spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp”定位到文章第三段第一句，然后再细读后面的句子Today’s busy
families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the
family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. 可以看出，这里是说人们不理解为什么要进行春季大扫除，故A为正确答案。
四、回查难点以确保无误
“回查”是指考生在时间允许的情况下，对于把握不大或较难的试题（如概括归纳题、作者意图题等），将所给出的选项与原文中对应的部分进行仔细比较、反复推敲，从而得出结论。考生要尽量避免主观臆断，要在文中有关段落找到支撑的论据，以确保答案准确无误。
五、克服不良阅读习惯
除了上文提到的阅读技巧外，绝大多数考生在阅读速度方面还必须努力克服以下不良阅读习惯，从而达到加快阅读速度、提高理解效率的最终目的。
1. “指读”。用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读以期“集中注意力”。一旦遇到生词便停顿下来，便无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读理解。
2. “唇读”。出声地阅读，或即使不出声嘴唇也在动，大脑中仍在“读”，无形中降低大脑的思考速度。
3. “回读”。在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读。
4. “译读”。在阅读过程中，进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。
六、样题示例
下面以最新考纲样题中的两篇阅读样题为例，进一步说明上述阅读方法。
先来看下最新考纲样题中的第二篇阅读文章：
Section A:
Passage Two
I was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My university’s philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: second-year students know next to nothing about medicine.
Assigned to my team that day was an attending–a senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patients feel they weren’t in the hands of amateurs. Many attendings were researchers who didn’t have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition, there were two interns (住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs.
I began the day at 6:30am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five–piece of cake.
But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘气). He’d just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn’t seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on.
“It’s really hot in here, Doc,” he replied.
So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye.
At 8:40 am., during our team meeting, “Code Blue Room 307!” blared from the loudspeaker.
I froze.
That was Mr. Adams’s room.
When we arrived, he was motionless.
The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn’t read that chapter in the
textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help.
This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what’s particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will?
第一步：略读全文，掌握主旨大意。
本文作者主要对现行的医疗体制表示了担忧，提出了批评。第一段简要介绍了“我”到医院实习的基本情况。第二段介绍了医院医疗小组医生的真实实力，暗示了作者对这种状况的担忧。第三段介绍了自己当值的基本情况。第四至十段讲述了自己经历的一个真实病例。第十一段介绍了病人死亡的情况，并分析了自己的过失。最后一段总结全文，对现行的医疗教育体制表示担忧，并提出批评。
第二步：通过扫读、回查等方法，仔细比较、辨别选项，寻找正确答案。
44. We learn that the author’s team members had .
A. much practical experience B. adequate knowledge
C. long been working there D. Some professional deficiency
解析：选D。根据题干关键词team members 定位至第二段。该段第二句Many attendings were researchers who didn’t have much recent hospital experience.指出主治医生实践经验方面的缺陷。该段最后一句又提到These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs. 说明名义上已经取得医生头衔的住院实习医生，实际上名不符实，也存在知识上的缺陷，可见，D是对原文意思的正确
理解，故为答案。
45. “His symptoms had been textbook” means that his symptoms were .
A. part of the textbook B. no longer in the textbook
C. Recently included in the textbook D. explained in the textbook
解析：选D。由题干定位至第十一段。该段第三句中的冒号后面指出heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs, 即大量出汗、呼吸困难但肺部清晰，这是教科书对这种症状的记载，本段第二句则说明了这种症状的成因，而第四句提到I hadn’t read that chapter in the textbook yet, 即 “我”还没有读到教科书的这个章节。综合看来，这种症状背后的成因在教科书中有所解释，作者之所以不知道，是因为他还没有读到此处，故D为正确答案。
46. At the end of the passage, the author expresses about the medical education system.
A. optimism B. hesitation C. concern D. support
解析：选C。根据题干定位至最后一段。该段首句后半部分说what’s particularly is that the same medical education system persists, 即尤其令人失望的是同样的医疗教育体制还在延续，可见，作者并不赞同现行的医学教育体制，故可排除A和D。而作者在该句中用了frustrating 一词， 又在最后一句提出疑问Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will? 即谁知道又有多少人在像我这样一个没经验的学生手上丧命或受到伤害，将来还会有多少人遭此噩运？可见，作者对这种体制的态度非常关注， 甚至
是担忧，而非怀疑，因此C比B更准确，故为答案。
Section B
Passage Two
52. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?
答案：It was part of his medical training.
解析：根据题干中的doing rounds in a hospital 定位至第一段。该段第二句说My university’s philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. 即我们大学的逻辑是在学生受教育期间尽早地见到病人。可见，作者参与医院当值是大学的统一安排，因此，这应该是作者大学医科训练的一部分，故答案为It was part of his medical training。
再来看下最新考纲样题中的第四篇阅读文章：
Section A
Passage Four
Attachment Parenting is not Indulgent Parenting. Attachment parents do not “spoil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and regardless of what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums(发脾气)，ice cream for breakfast Attachment parents don't give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that
love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys.
Attachment Parenting is not “afraid of tears” parenting. Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not manipulation. And our children understand this too. They cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so overwhelming that they need to get it out They do not expect to be \"rewarded\" for their strong negative emotions; they simply expect that we will listen. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those things. We are not afraid of tears. We don't avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emotions.
Attachment Parents is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children. In fact, I'm pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock than and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The “attachment” comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to than like parental leeches.
Attachment Parenting is not Selfish Parenting. It is also not selfless parenting. We are not doing it for us, and we are not doing it to torment ourselves.
Attachment parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don't hover. I supervise. I follow, I
teach, I demonstrate, I explain. I don't slap curious hands away. I show how to do things safely. I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finally with trust. I don't insist that my 23 month old hold my hand when we walk on the sidewalk because I know I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.
Most of the negative things that I hear about “attachment parents” are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centric and focuses on the needs of the child. Children need structure, rules, and boundaries. Attachment Parents simply believe that the child and the parent are allies, not adversaries. And that children are taught, not trained.
第一步：略读全文，掌握主旨大意。
本文的主题是“亲密育儿法”和“溺爱育儿法”进行对比，找出这两种育儿法的差别。第二段介绍了“亲密育儿法”的特点。第三至第五段将“亲密育儿法”和“粘人育儿法”“自私育儿法”以及“直升机式育儿法”进行了对比。最后一段继续总结“亲密育儿法”的特点。
第二步：通过扫读、回查等方法，仔细比较、辨别选项，寻找正确答案。
49. According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry?
A. Providing comfort and love. B. Trying to stop kids crying.
C. Holding them till they stop. D. Rewarding kids with toys.
解析：选A。根据题干关键词parents 和their kids cry 定位至第二段。该段第八句提到：We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those things. 即当孩子哭的时候，他们需要的是安慰和爱，而作为父母有责任给孩子提供这些，可见A为正确答案。该段倒数第二、三句提到：We are not afraid of tears. We don’t avoid them. 由此可知，当孩子哭泣时，家长不应该害怕眼泪或阻止他们，由此可排除B和C；第一段最后一句提到：Not sweets or toys. 由此可知，作者提倡的“亲密育儿法”不提倡给孩子糖果和玩具，同时这与孩子哭泣没有关系，故排除D。
50. What does “free-range” mean according to the passage?
A. Fond of providing a home base. B. Ready to play games with my kids.
C. Curious to watch what games they play. D. Willing to give kids freedom of movement.
解析：选D。根据题干关键词“free-range”定位至第三段。该段第三句提到：In fact, I'm pretty
free-range.接下来作者提到： As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and
let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world. 由此可知，该句是对第三句的解释，即当孩子可以自由活动的时候，孩子经常远离作者，互相追逐、玩耍、探索世界，可见D为正确答案，同时排除A、B以及C。
Section B
Passage Four
55. What does the passage mainly discuss?
答案：Different types of parenting.
解析：第一段作者将“亲密育儿法”和“溺爱育儿法”进行了对比，找出了这两种育儿法的差别。第二段介绍了“亲密育儿法”的特点。第三至五段将“亲密育儿法”和“粘人育儿法”“自私育儿法”以及“直升机式育儿法”进行了对比。最后一段继续总结“亲密育儿法”的特点。由此可知，答案为Different types of parenting。
第二节 选择题题型分类及解题技巧
通过对阅读理解选择题题型的分析，可以看出其考核指标主要体现在以下四个方面：一、对中心思想的把握；二、对细节的关注；三、语言解读能力；四、推理判断能力。所以在选择题的设计上，一般都会有这五类题型：主旨题、细节题、推理题、态度题和语义题。下面我们来分析一下解答阅读这几种常见选择题题型的具体策略和方法。
一、主旨题
主旨题主要考查考生对文章的主体思想、作品的基调以及文章大意的理解和掌握。经常出现的提问方式有：
Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the main topic of the passage?
What is the passage mainly concerned with?
What is the best title for the passage?
Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?
From the passage, we can conclude that .
解题技巧：主旨题的题型很容易判断，但是做起来却不容易。考生一定要准确捕捉文章的主体思想和作者的写作意图。其主要判断方法有两种：第一，依据主题句来判断。英语中基本上每篇文章都有主题句，文章中的每一段也有主题句，主题句通常在文章的开头或结尾，位于文章中间的情况也有，但不多。第二，为了快速得出答案，可用排除法来解题。通常出题人设置的选项不一定每个都具有很强的干扰性，所以要迅速找出某些选项和漏洞或者不确切的地方，缩小选择范围，最后锁定答案。例如：
What is the message of the passage?
A. Understanding gained is more important than money lost.
B. It is natural to see varied responses to financial crises.
C. Desire for money is human nature..
D. One has to be decisive during crises.
很明显，这是一道考查文章主旨大意的试题，让我们先来看文章：
I was standing in my kitchen wondering what to have for lunch when my friend Taj called.
“Sit down,” she said.
I thought she was going to tell me she had just gotten the haircut from hell. I laughed and said, “It can't be that bad.”
But it was. Before the phone call, I had 30 years of retirement saving in a “safe” fund with a brilliant financial guru（金融大亨）.When I put down the phone, my savings were gone. I felt as if I had died and, for some unknown reason, was still breathing.
Since Bernie Madoff’s arrest on charges of running a $65 million Ponzi scheme, I’ve
read many articles about how we investors should have known what was going on. I wish I could say I had reservations about Madoff before “the Call”, but I did not.
On New Year's Eve, three weeks after we lost our savings, six of us Madoff people gathered at Taj's house for dinner. As we were sitting around the table, someone asked, “If you could have your money back right now, but it would mean giving up what you have learned by losing it, would you take the money or would you take what losing the money has given you?”
My husband was still in financial shock. He said, “I just want the money back.” I wasn't certain where I stood. I knew that losing our money had cracked me wide open. I’d been
walking around like what the Buddhists call a hungry ghost: always focused on the bite that was yet to come, not the one in my mouth. No matter how much I ate or had or experienced, it didn’t satisfy me, because I wasn’t really taking it in, wasn’t absorbing it. Now I was forced to pay attention. Still, I couldn't honestly say that if someone had offered me the money back, I would turn it down. But the other four all said that what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable, and they didn’t think it would have become apparent without the ground of financial stability being ripped out from underneath them.
My friend Michael said, I’d started to get complacent. It’s as if the muscles of my heart started to atrophy（萎缩）. Now they’re awake, alive—and I don’t want to go back.”
These weren’t just empty words. Michael and his wife needed to take in boarders to meet their expenses. Taj was so broke that she was moving into someone’s garage apartment in three weeks. Three friends had declared bankruptcy and weren’t sure where or how they were going to live.
解析：选A。通读全文可知，文章前半部分均在叙述作者的遭遇，只是在倒数第二至四段谈及作者和朋友对此遭遇的看法。由倒数第四段中的Now I was forced to pay attention,倒数第三段中的what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable和倒数第二段中的 Now they’re awake, alive—and I don’t want to go back.可推知，A可以概括全文主旨，故为答案。B为客观表象，并非作者想表达的意图，故排除；C观点偏颇，与原文不符，故排除；原文并未强调危机中的 “决断性”，而是强调对待危机的态度，故排除D。
二、细节题
细节题主要考查考生对文章中的具体信息的理解程度，如具体的时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、数字、方式等，问题通常会以What, Why, Where, How, How many (much, long)等疑问词或词组开头，常见的提问方式有：
According to the passage, who/what/where/which/when/why/how...?
The study shows that . From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
The author argues...because .
The direct/main reason for ... Is that .
Which of the following statements is INCCORRECT (CORRECCT) according to the passage?
The writer wants to prove with the example of .... that .
The example of ... is used to . The writer mentions the case of ... to justify .
What does the example of ... show/illustrate?
解题技巧：细节题是阅读选择题中出现频率最高的题型，因此考生要给予高度重视。细节题考查考
生对文章中事实细节的把握，考生应对文章中的细微之处给予充分的重视。在形式上，细节题主要有两种，一种试正选，即问什么答什么；另一种试反选，即选择与文章内容不相符的一项，通常会出现INCORRECT或EXCEPT等词语。由于考试时考生精神高度紧张，时常有读错题的情况发生，因此养成认真读题、冷静判断、准确作答的习惯至关重要。具体的解题方法就是要快速浏览文章的段落，找到相关内容，得出正确答案。
下面来看阅读理解题中的一道细节题：
The author begins with an episode from The Graduate in order to .
A. support the fact that more women are working now
B. show that few graduates started working right after graduation
C. demonstrate that there were much fewer graduates than now
D. emphasize the sharp contrast between now and then
这是一篇议论性的文章，主要说明了当今毕业生就业压力大的问题。我们先来看这篇文章：
“I'm a little worried about my future,” said Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate. He should be so lucky. All he had to worry about was whether to have an affair with Mrs Robinson. In the sixties, that was the sum total of post-graduation anxiety syndrome.
Hoffma’s modern counterparts are not so fortunate. The Mrs Robinsons aren’t sitting around at home any more, seducing graduates. They are out in the workplace, doing the
high-powered jobs the graduates want, but cannot get. For those fresh out of university, desperate for work but unable to get it, there is a big imbalance between supply and demand. And there is no narrowing of the gap in sight.
The latest unemployment figures show that 746,000 of 18-24 year-olds are unemployed— a record rate of 18 per cent. Many of those will have graduated this summer. They are not panicking yet, but as the job rejections mount up, they are beginning to feel alarmed.
Of course, it is easy to blame the Government and, in particular, the target that Labour has long trumpeted---50 per cent of school-leavers in higher education. That was not too smart. The Government has not only failed to meet its target—the actual figure is still closer to 40 per cent— but it has raised expectations to unrealistic level.
Parents feel as badly let down as the young people themselves. Middle-class families see their graduate offspring on the dole (救济金) queue and wonder why they bothered paying school fees. Working-class families feel an even keener sense of disappointment. For many such families, getting a child into university was the fulfillment of a lifelong dream. It represented upward social and financial mobility. It was proof that they were living in a dynamic, economically successful country. That dream does not seem so rosy now.
Graduate unemployment is not, ultimately, a political problem ready to be solved. Job-creation schemes for graduates are very low down in ministerial in-trays. If David Cameron’s Conservatives had a brilliant idea for guaranteeing every graduate a well-paid job, they would have unveiled it by now. It is a social problem, though a more deep-seated social problem than people perhaps realize.
解析：选D。根据题干中的The Graduate 可以定位至第一段。根据该段提到的 “I’m a little worried about my future,” said Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate. He should be so lucky. All he had to worry about was whether to have an affair with Mrs Robinson. In the sixties, that was the sum total of post-graduation anxiety syndrome. 可知，在电影《毕业生》中，达斯汀●霍夫曼说他担心他的未来，而作者说他是幸运的，因为他所要考虑的只是要不要与罗宾逊夫人有染，这就是60年代毕业生焦虑综合症的所有表现了。再根据第二段第一句Hoffma’s modern counterparts are not so fortunate. 以及该段最后两句For those fresh out of university, desperate for work but unable to get it, there is a big imbalance between supply and demand. And there is no narrowing of the gap in sight. 可知，与霍夫曼相比，现代的同龄人就没那么幸运了，毕业生们初出校园，急切地渴望工作，却找不到，而且这种差距看不到有缩小迹象。可见，作者旨在说明现代毕业生的就业压力之大，与过去形成鲜明的对比，故D为正确答案。
三、推理题
对考生来讲，推理题是具有一定难度的题目，要求考生根据文章内容对所给选项进行综合判断和选择，考查的不仅是考生对文章的理解，还有考生的逻辑思维能力和对各种知识的综合运用能力。在解题时，仅靠捕捉字面意思试不够的，重要的是掌握文章的主旨大意，把每一句话都放到全篇中去考虑，以得出综合的判断。该题型常见的提问方式有：
What does the passage imply?
It can be inferred from the passage that . On ..., the author seems to suggest that we .
At the end of the passage, the author seems to indicate that .
解题技巧：首先，推理题的解题思路要广，不能局限在文章的某一段或某个句子上，要结合上下文进行综合判断，并逐项排查，直到最后确定答案。其次，要善于抓住问题的核心，不要被选项所迷惑，而偏离了寻找正确答案的方向。所以，做好推理题的关键就在于找准方向，综合理解，逐项排查，最后锁定答案。例如：
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about her friends?
A. Her friends felt the same as she did.
B. Her friends valued their experience more.
C. Her friends were in a better financial situation.
D. Her friends were more optimistic than she.
解析：选B。由题干中的her friends定位至原文最后三段。由倒数第三段中的what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable 以及倒数第二段中 “I’d started to get complacent...Now they’re awake, alive--and I don’t want to go back.” 等可推知，B符合题干要求，故为正确答案。有原文倒数第三段But the other four all said that what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable, and they didn’t think it...排除含义相反的A；由末段最后三句Michael and his wife needed to take in boarders to meet their expenses. Taj was so broke that she was moving into someone’s garage apartment in three weeks. Three friends had declared bankruptcy and weren’t sure where or how they were going to live.可排除含义相反
的C；原文并未就作者和朋友的乐观程度进行对比，故排除C。
四、态度题
态度题主要考查考生对文章作者或文中涉及的人物看待事物态度的理解程度，这类问题比较容易处理，但前提试考生必须对文章的语调和风格有比较清晰的认识，这样才能正确地把握作者或文中人物的态度。比较常见的提问方式有：
The writer’s attitude towards...can be best described as .
How does the author feel about...?
解题技巧：从解题思路方面来看，其实态度题也是一种推理判断题，只是因为态度题的提问方式和其他题型有着明显的不同，我们才把它单独列出来。其解题关键在于正确理解及把握作者和文章中人物的观点态度，有时可以直接从上下文中找到答案，这时该题型又可视为细节题。比如：
According to the passage, which of the following best explains the author’s view on “great speaking ability”?
A. It comes from observing rules. B. It comes from learning and practice.
C. It can be perfected with easy effort. D. It can be acquired from birth.
要得出这道题的答案，必须看懂文章末段：
Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with. Even Barack Obama works hard
to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.
解析：选B。作者在文章末段陈述了他对演讲能力的看法：Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with. Even Barack Obama works hard...For a brilliant speech, there are rules...To learn those rules you have to practice and learn..., 可推知B符合作者观点，故为答案。A中observing rules 与末段末句To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past. 不符，故排除；C中的can be perfected with easy effort与末段首句Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with. 相反，故排除。
五、语义题
语义题主要考查考生对个别单词、短语和句子的理解，有一定难度，通常要求考生通读上下文，综合各方面的知识后才能做出判断。常见的提问方式有：
In the...paragraph, the sentence “...” means that . The word “...” in Paragraph...is closest in meaning to . The phrase “...” in Paragraph... refers to .
According to the context, it is most likely that the term “...” means .
By “...”, the author means .
The phrase “...” in Paragraph...can be replaced by .
解题技巧：语义题首先要求考生对构词法有一定的了解，要熟知各种词根和词缀的意思，然后根据这方面的知识来解题。
例如，在一篇关于AC米兰足球队简史的文章后面有这样一道题：
The word “trio” in the sentence of Paragraph 2 means .
A. a trial group
B. try
C. a group of three football-players in the form of offensive
D. a piece of music for three musicians to play
解析：选C。 “trio” 一词的前缀tri表示“三个/者的”，所以用它作前缀的单词词义一定和“三”有关，在这四个选项中只有C和D与“三”有关系，又因为这是一篇关于AC米兰足球队的文章，所以我们根据上下文可以判断C为正确答案。
其次，对于没有前后缀且用词汇学的知识很难分析的语义题，我们要善于联系上下文来确定答案，有时所给的四个选项全部为该词的词义，这时必须从这四个词义中选择一个符合其在文中的用法和意义的选项。
最后，做好语义题还要善于把该词放到整篇文章中去，结合上下文来综合判断或推测该词的意思，这时考生要调动逻辑思维能力和综合判断能力。
例如：
According to the context, “suck in your breath” means “feel a sense of ”.
A. awe B. horror C. doubt D. delight
解析：选A。本题属于短语理解题。根据第一段第一句No matter how many times you have seen images of the golden mask of boyking Tutankhanmen, come face to face with it in Egypt’s Cairo museum, and you will suck in your breath. 可知，无论你见过多少次戴着黄金面具的埃及法老图坦卡蒙的图像，当你在埃及的开罗博物馆面对面地看着他的时候，你都会suck in your breath, 再根据第三段第一句Then, on Nov. 23, Carter found a second door and when he stuck his head through it, what he saw was to stun the world. 可知，11月23日，卡特发现了一些震惊世界的东西，再结合下文可知，卡特发现的正是埃及法老图坦卡蒙的木乃伊。由此可知，每当人们看到戴着黄金面具的埃及法老图坦卡蒙的图像都会感到震惊，“敬畏”更符合此处文意，故选A。
第三节 简答题题型分类及解题技巧
一、四大题型分析
简答题是此次命题改革后的新增题型，通过对最新考纲样题的分析，我们可以看出简答题的题型与选择题题型基本一致。以细节类问题为主，也有主旨题、推断题、和语义题，提问方式大多以wh-question为主。下面以最新考纲样题为例进行分析。
（一）具体细节题
这类题所占比重最大，一般来讲考生在文章中找到答案出处并不难，但关键是如何从答案出处中归
纳出问题的答案。因为简答题要求考生既要用最简短的语言，又不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话来作答。所以，得分易，而得满分难，便成了此类试题的一大特色。答题时需要注意找准答案，即找到问题中的关键词在文章中的大体位置，并尽可能地3缩小范围，找准目标。否则答案涉及无关问题会被扣分。
例如：样题中第52题：
Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?
答案：It was part of his medical training.
解析：根据关键词doing rounds in a hospital 定位至第一段。该段第二句说My university’s philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. 即我们大学的逻辑是在学生受教育期间尽早地见到病人。可见，作者参与医院当值是大学的统一安排。因此，这应该试作者大学医科训练的一部分，故答案为It was part of his medical training.
（二）主旨类试题
此类题出现频率较高，常见的提问方式有：
What’s the main idea of this passage?
What’s the passage mainly about?
What’s the best title for this passage?
回答这类题的关键是要抓住文章的主旨句。但考生应注意不可照抄原句，而需要重新归纳组织、概括，从而用不多于10个词来表达文章的主要内容。
例如：样题中第55题：
What does the passage mainly discuss?
答案：Different types of parenting.
解析：第一段作者将“亲密育儿法”和“溺爱育儿法”进行了对比，找出这两种育儿法的差别。第二段介绍了“亲密育儿法”的特点。第三至五段将“亲密育儿法”和“粘人育儿法”“自私育儿法”以及“直升机式育儿法”进行了对比。最后一段继续总结“亲密育儿法”的特点。由此可知，答案为Different types of parenting。
（三）推断类试题
这类题与选择题中的推断题一样，简答题的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。当然这种推断并不是毫无目的的。文章中的某些词及作者的写作手法都可能成为推论的依据。
（四）语义题
这类题的目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或语句在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。该类题要求考生不仅要读懂原文，而且要表达出来。
常见的出题方式为：
What does the word “...” in ...refer to ?
What’s the meaning of the expression “...” in Paragraph...?
What does the expression “...” in the context of the passage refer to?
解答这类题时，可注意找出原词在文中的同义替换词。如果没有，还应注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
例如：样题中的第53题：
What does “counting” mean in the context?
答案：Continuing.
解析：根据第一段提到的：The war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation’s greatest public health success stories -- but not for everyone. 可知，禁烟的战争已经持续了五年，并且还在counting，在根据第二段第一句As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. 可知，禁烟取得了很大的进步，由此可综合推断，counting的意思应该是“继续”，因此答案为Continuing.
二、四大答题技巧
（一）运用简洁的表达方式
概括能力是简答题测试的重要内容之一，因此用词要简洁、准确、不要拖泥带水。题目要求Answer
the questions with NO more than TEN words，这就意味着能用词概括的就不用短语，能用短语的尽量不用句子，能用简单句的就避免使用复合句。做到这一点不仅能赢得时间，还能防止笔误或其他错误，如语法错误等。
（二）抓住关键词
一篇文章的关键词是构成语篇的精髓。抓住了关键词，不仅有助于理解文章，而且在表达上也能言简意赅，正确选用关键词比自己现场组织答案要准确、简练得多，也省时省力。
（三）注意提问方式与答案的协调性
不同类型的问题要求不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与答案在形式上的对应。例如问目的时，答案就应当用表示目的的用语，如for短语、不定式短语，而用名词性或形容词性的词回答就不对应。掌握这一原则有助于增强考生答题的针对性，减少盲目性。
（四）避免语言错误
组织答案要从认真精准，避免使用不熟悉的句型、词汇或短语；尽可能利用原文中的关键词语回答问题；书写要规范、认真，注意回答问题时首字母的大小写问题。
总之，简答题基于理解，重在表达。只要考生平时加强语言能力的培养，考试中在理解的基础上，注意词汇选择和语法规范，做该类题时就会变得得心应手。另外，由于简答题是基于前面4篇文章进行设置的，所以考生在做题时，应以一篇文章为单位，同时解答Section A和Section B的题目，这样可以节省时间，提高做题效率。
阅读训练一
Section A Multiple-choice questions
Passage 1
The regular use of text messages and e-mails can lower the IQ more than twice as much as smoking marijuana. That is the claim of psychologists who have found that tapping away on a mobile phone or computer keypad or checking them for electronic messages temporarily knocks up to 10 points off the user's IQ.
This rate of decline in intelligence compares unfavorably with the four-point drop in IQ associated with smoking marijuana, according to British researchers, who have labeled the fleeting phenomenon of enhanced stupidity as \"infomania\".
Research on sleep deprivation suggests that the IQ drop caused by electronic obsession is also equivalent to a wakeful night.
Infomania is mainly a problem for adult workers, especially men, the study commissioned by Hewlett Packard, the technology company, has concluded.
The noticeable drop in IQ is attributed to the constant distraction of \"always on\" technology when employees should be concentrating on what they are paid to do. Infomania means that they lose concentration as their minds remain fixed in an almost permanent state of readiness to react to technology instead of focusing on the task in hand.
The brain also finds it hard to cope with juggling lots of tasks at once, reducing its overall
effectiveness, the report added. And while modern technology can have huge benefits, excessive use can be damaging not only to a person's mind, but to their social life.
Eighty volunteers took part in clinical trials on IQ deterioration and 1,100 adults were interviewed.
More than six in ten (62 per cent) of people polled admit that they were addicted to checking their e-mail and text messages so assiduously that they scrutinized work-related ones even when at home or on holiday. Half said that they always responded immediately to an email and one in five (21 per cent) will interrupt a meeting to do so.
Furthermore, infomania is having a negative effect on work colleagues, increasing stress and dissenting feelings. Nine out of ten polled thought that colleagues who answered e-mails or messages during a face-to-face meeting were extremely rude. Yet one in three Britons believes that it is not only acceptable, but actually diligent and efficient to do so.【科技，易，363字】
1. According to the passage, “infomania” tends to ______.
A. be caused by a decline in intelligence B. leave a permanent influence on one’s IQ
C. be caused by electronic obsession D. result in one’s sleep deprivation
2. To initiate the study, Hewlett Packard’s research is most probably about ______.
A. the relevance between one’s IQ and his use of technology
B. the influence of technology on one’s decline in intelligence
C. the different damage to our brain done by technology and unhealthy habits
D. the relationship between one’s intelligence and his working effectiveness
3. Infomania employees are more ready to react to technology than the tasks in hand because ______.
A. the tasks can’t be done without technology B. technology is conveniently available
C. the tasks are technologically diverse D. technology can help lessen work pressure
Passage 2
Each year, more US properties within floodplains are destroyed by flooding than fire. Changing weather patterns, increased urban development, and the leveling of forests have reduced the land’s natural ability to absorb water. As flooding becomes a common occurrence, property owners need to face the facts. Flood damage can happen anytime, no matter where you live.
Flood insurance, which is financially backed by the US Government through the National
Flood Insurance Program, is available through Homesite Insurance and the Homesite Insurance Agency. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) through the Federal Emergency Management Agency is the primary provider of flood insurance. The Homesite Insurance Company acts as a “Write-Your-Own” company on behalf of the NFIP. \"Write-Your-Own\" companies sell and service flood policies and the NFIP pays the claims.
Property owners know a Homeowners policy covers fire damage, but most don’t realize that it won’t cover flood or mudslide damage. Rising waters and debris can destroy your home, business, and personal belongings within minutes. Most floods don’t qualify for federal disaster aid. Only floods that are declared national disasters by the President qualify for federal assistance. This assistance is in the form of a grant averaging less than $2,500, or a federal loan that must be paid back with interest. That’s in addition to payments on your existing mortgage loan!
Only flood insurance protects your home and your belongings from damage caused by rising water or mudflow. Flood insurance is available for the value of the structure minus the land value. Contents coverage is also available, but is optional and must be requested. Even if you’ve had previous flooding, you can still buy flood insurance. If you’ve received disaster assistance before, you must first obtain flood insurance to be eligible for future federal relief.
The average flood policy is only $324 a year―that’s less than $1 a day. Compare that to a typical disaster loan of $50,000, costing more than $300 a month for over 18 years! Flood insurance pays all covered claims even if a federal disaster is not declared. Claims are paid quickly so victims can recover faster. You can even get a partial payment right away to get started. Flood coverage is available up to $250,000 for your home, and up to $100,000 for the
contents.
Anyone can buy flood insurance if his/her property is located in a community that participates in the National Flood Insurance Program. Homes, condos, apartments, and business structures are all eligible. Even renters may purchase flood insurance for their possessions. Since flood premiums are set by the US government, your rate is the same from any insurer. 【社会生活，中，454字】
4. Which of the following is NOT the reason for the frequent flood according to the passage______
A. Changing weather patterns. B. Increased urban development.
C. The jerry-built projects. D. The leveling of forests.
5. Who is in charge of paying the claims?
A. the Homestie Insurance Company B. Federal Emergency Management Agency
C. National Flood Insurance Program D.Write-Your-Own company
Passage 3
The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate (硅酸盐) that are semi-molten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust. There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper，lighter continental crust found
over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million years old, while those of the ocean floor are less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the semi-molten lower mantle o produce all of the major topographical(地形学的)features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occur are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.
There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move apart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth' s crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions (爆发) of lava (火山熔岩) at mid-ocean ridges. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents，a rift(裂缝) is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the tea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks,too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle (起褶皱) to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates. 【生态能源，中，326字】
6.The Earth’s crust______.
A. can be classified into two types B.
is formed along the margins of the plates
C. consists of semi-molten rocks D. is about 70 to 100 kilometers thick
7.The 15 plates of the Earth are formed from ___.
A. the oceanic crusts and continental crusts
B. the crusts and the mantle
C. the crusts and the top and solid part of the mantle
D. the continental crusts and the solid part of the mantle
8.This passage is probably_______.
A. a newspaper advertisement B. a chapter of a novel
C. an excerpt from a textbook D. a scientific report of new findings
Passage 4
Every 101 minutes or so, a Department of Defense imaging satellite circles the Earth, capturing images from the equator to the polar ice caps. It’s that DOD drone (colorfully named the DMSPF-17) that monitors geologic changes, such as the decreasing size of the Arctic and Antarctic ice covers. The images it snaps are the ones most people see of the Earth’s two white domes, which have been steadily diminishing for the past decade.
Skimming over the top of the worn feels a bit like being on a different planet, according to Rick Steiner, a marine conservation researcher at the University of Alaska. For the past two years, Steiner has led research missions flying low over thousands of miles of Arctic seas for a handful of polar climate scientists, some of whom work for the federal government. He times the daylong voyage to coincide with the time of year when sea ice is at a minimum, the exact end of summer melting in mid-September, before the autumn cool begins to refreeze some of the water. Having lived in Alaska for 30 years, Steiner can tell you in personal detail how the minimum has shrunk from year to year. He calls the voyage his annual \"bearing witness to the Arctic crisis\" trip.
The crisis has been mapped out in precise detail in slide shows and research papers, with startling statistics. The past three summers have seen the lowest ice volume ever recorded, according to data released annually by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The sea-ice minimum in 2007 (1.6 million square miles) was the single lowest year, with nearly 40 percent less ice than the seasonal average recorded over the past three decades. And the problem is only expected to worsen. As the ice melts, it releases highly concentrated carbon and methane (甲烷) that is locked in the permafrost (永冻层), creating an accelerating warming loop. An additional compounding factor is that dark oceans absorb more of the sun’s energy than light-colored ice, which reflects a large portion of it. That means that the more ice melts over the summer, the more open ocean there is, which leads to more absorbed energy and warmer oceans, which means that less ice forms the following winter, which leads to even more open ocean the following year. Early this past summer, researchers thought 2009 would be even worse than 2007 in terms of melting, until a late-arriving wind from the equator brought cool air that prevented even more melting.
\"When you’re actually looking out the window and seeing mile after mile of warm ocean water where there used to be sea ice that you once walked around on, it gives you the certainty that something major is going on there,\" says James Overland, a marine environmental researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The thickness of the ice and water temperatures-which were also measured at disturbingly high levels by Steiner and his team this year―are also measurements you can’t make by peering at satellite images.【科技，难，502字】
9. According to the passage, ice-melting doesn’t lead to ______.
A. highly concentrated carbon and methane
B. an accelerating warming loop
C. more sun’s energy absorbed by dark oceans
D. more open ocean
10. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Ice covers have been diminishing for the past decade
B. It is DOD drone that monitors geologic changes.
C. Steiner’s annual voyages bear witness to the Arctic crisis.
C. Ice-melting is creating an accelerating warming loop.
Section B Short-answer questions
Passage 1:
11. This passage reveals ______ disadvantages of overuse of technology.
Passage 2:
12. What will be paid quickly so victims can recover faster?
Passage 3:
13. According to the second paragraph, the formation of the Atlantic Ocean is the example of?
Passage 4:
14. When is the sea ice at a minimum in a year?
15. What is another important factor to accelerating the warming loop in Paragraph 3?
长难句解析：
Passage 4
1. He times the daylong voyage to coincide with the time of year when sea ice is at a minimum, the exact end of summer melting in mid-September, before the autumn cool begins to refreeze some of the water.
分析：此句主干部分是以times为谓语动词的主谓结构。不定式to coincide with用作目的状语，when引导定语从句，修饰the time of year, the exact end...mid-5eptembe，是the time of year when sea ice is at a minimum的同位语, before引导的时间状语从句进一步说明the time of year.
译文:他把这单天行程的时间安排在海冰最少的时候，也就是从九月中旬夏季融冰期结束之时到秋季新一轮的冰冻开始之前。
2. That means that the more ice melts over the summer, the more open ocean there is, which leads to more absorbed energy and warmer oceans, which means that less ice forms the following winter, which leads to even more open ocean the following year.
分析：此句主干部分是以means为谓语动词的主谓结构。第一个which引导的非限定性从句修饰the more…的内容，第二个which引导的非限定性从句修饰其前面的内容which leads to more absorbed energy and warmer oceans, 第三个which引导的非限制性从句修饰其前面的which means less ice forms the following winter.
译文：
这意味着夏季的融冰越多，暴露在阳光下的海水面积就越大;这会使海洋吸收更多的热量，海水的温度变得更高; 这会进一步使次年的积冰更少，而这又导致次年接受阳光直射的海水面积进一步扩大。
答案：
Section A Multiple-choice questions
1. C根据题干中的infomania 定位到底2段。对比第2段和第3段中可知infomania 与the IQ drop 同义，第3段 the IQ drop 后的定语caused by electronic obsession 表明 infomania 就是由electronic obsession 一起的，因此，C正确。Infomania 和A中的a decline in intelligence 为相同的概念，两者不可能构成因果关系； B中的permanent 一词缺乏原文依据；根据原文，D提到的sleep deprivation 与 infomanian 同样为导致智力下降的原因，而它们之间因果关系也缺乏原文依据。
2. A根据体感中的Hewlett Packard 定位到第4段。要正确回答本题， 就要先正确理解问题。问题中的to initiate the study 应理解为：Hewlett Packard 最开始要研究的主题是什么？总结前四段可知Hewlett Packard 公司的研究“结果”可用B来表述，这应该是在研究“科技”与“IQ”之间的关系时得出的结论。在开始研究的时候，Hewlett Packard 并不知道科技会导致IQ下降。可见，在A和B之间，A为研究主题，为本题答案，而B是经过研究主题后所得到的结论，不符合题意。
3.B根据题干中的employees定位到第5段。B中的conveniently available 与第5段第1句中的always on 为同义改写；其他选项虽然在现实生活中都可能为真，但在本文中均未提及。
4.C细节题。 从文章第一段中“changing weather patterns…to absorb water”可以看出答案为C。
5.C细节题。 从文章第二段末句可以得出正确答案为C
6. A 事实细节题。选项A与文章第1段第2句所述一致，为正确答案。此类题可采用排除法。根据第2段第2句的内容可以知道选项B所指的只是地壳中的一种.而不是所有地壳。选項C与文章第1句的内容不符。选項D的主语应该是地壳和上层的地幔，不仅仅是地壳。
7. C 推理判断题。此题可定位到第1段倒数第3句。题干中的15 plates是原文该句中的宾语，且该句的谓语中心词是consist of(由......组成)，题干的谓语是are formed from，这意思一致，但题目用的是被动语态。表明答案可从原文该句的主语得到。主语中的top和solid并列修饰part of the mantle。选项C为该句的同义替换，故正确。
8. C 主旨大意题。由本文的语言风格和描述内容可以判定这篇文章既不是商业性的，也不是文学性的同时文中叙述的内容具有科普性质，不可能是太前沿性的，因此A、B、D三项都不正确，选项C为此题答案。
9. A 细节题。第三段第五句提到，冰层融化释放了常年冻结带中高度聚集的碳和甲烷，从而导致气温加速循环上升。可知，A“高度聚集的碳和甲烷”不是冰层融化的结果，所以A为本题答案。其他三项都是冰层融化的结果，故均排除。
10. D 主旨题。作者在这篇文章里主要讨论了南北极冰层面正在逐年减少的原因:冰层融化释放了常年冻结带中的高度聚集的碳和甲烷，导致气温上升;而气温越高，融冰就越多，因此暴露在阳光下的海水面积就越大，致使海洋吸收更多阳光，海水温度越高，积冰就越少，进而又加速了气温的上升。D“融冰正促使一个气温加速变暖的循环形成”准确地概括了文章大意，为正确答案。其他三项都不够全面，不足以概括全文大意，故均排除。
Section B Short-answer questions
11. Three.
要回答本题，就要分析全文结构。第6段最后一句的not only…but…表明到那里为止，已讲到了过度使用科技对我们产生的两点负面影响，最后一段开头的Furthermore 表明这一段是第三点负面影响，加起来，可见共有三点disadvantages, 故本题应是Three.
12. Claims.
根据题干可以定位到文章第五段，“claims are paid quickly so victims can recover faster. You can never get a partial payment right away to get started.”可知付给受灾人的钱应该叫“赔付”，即claims.
13. Spreading contacts.
亊实细节题。第2段主要分成两部分：第一部分谈板块活动的三种形式，第二部分分别举例说明其中在说明spreading contacts时，引用了大西洋的例子：\"The Atlantic Ocean formed like this...\"。
14. In the middle of September.
第二段第三句提到，他选择一年之中海冰量最少的时间进行为期一天的航程，即从九月中旬夏季融冰期结束之时到秋季新一轮的冰冻开始之前。可知，海冰量最少的时间是9月中旬，故答案是In the middle of September.
15. Dark oceans absorb more sun’s energies than light-colored ice.
由第三段第六句可知，另一个加速气温上升的因素是深色的海水要比浅色的冰吸收更多的太阳能，
所以Dark oceans absorb more sun’s energies than light-colored ice 为正确答案。
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