高三艺体考生英语复习计划
核心考点重要提分项目 作为艺考生，要注重以下版块：听力，完形填空，阅读理解，作文 重点提分内容： 完形填空 （24种方法解决一错错一串，发挥不稳定的问题。需要60篇精讲巩固方法技巧） 阅读理解 （细节题，主旨大意题，推断题，猜词题的解题方法要诀）
以上2个项目，是决定考试是否成功的关键，务必严格按照老师的方法进行。 语法方面： 讲透必考语法与完成句子
非谓语动词 （四个字，四步法） 名词性从句（九个字，三步法） 状语从句 （三个字） 动词的时态语态 以上语法为必考，所以在学习的过程中，必须掌握。
作文：以必要的模板为主，以简单句为线，以关键句型为根本。抓住评卷老师的心理，最大限度得高分（此内容要与语法讲解结合）
听力：先专题讲解听力技巧及听力训练，再综合。（平时考生要保持每天20分钟的听力训练，可以用早晨或晚上的零碎时间进行） 次 提 分 内 容： 语法方面 倒装句 （常考点总结） 定语从句（一句话原则） 情态动词与虚拟语气 主谓一致 词汇方面 词汇要背熟2500个核心词汇（高考要求是3600词汇），
要注意的是，方法的掌握一定要在练习中加以提高，所以做题要坚持。每两天一篇阅读，
每三天一篇完形，每天三道完成句子。每周一篇作文。此频率可保证学生做题的题感，稳定高分。
完型填空得分技巧： 透过已知信息 推断未知信息
不易策略，扫描选项，在万变中找到不变的规律！ 简易策略，瞻前顾后，化繁为简，化难为易！
变易策略，左顾右盼，以变制变，熟能生巧！
首尾段首尾句,边做边看选项中与中心同现词或复现词!
扫描选项 同义词 / 同类词排除
高频答案词 相反项有解
同现
思路 瞻前顾后 复现 逻辑结构
左顾右盼 同词原则 关联结构
技巧归纳: 感情色彩 时态暗示法 动词综合法(主语/宾语是人是物? 及不及物?过程还是结果等，多项法则,交叉都指向同一个答案才最准确!
满分策略: 五四运动法 串线交叉法 主线贯穿法
瞻前顾后 同现 复现 逻辑结构
同现
中心同现是指段落的首段的中心词或段落中反复出现的名词或名词词组,在被选空格内的句子中也重复出现或与其意思倾斜向;词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。
首段首句一般都是中心句,名词是核对重点! ◆Then , mountain --- climbing began to grow popular as a sport. To some people, there is something greatly ___28____ about getting to the ___29____ of a high mountain: a struggle against nature is finer than a battle ___30____other human begins. And then , when you are at the mountain top after a long and difficult
____31____, what a ___32____ reward ( 奖品 ) it is to be able to look ___33___ on everything within ___34____! At such time , you feel happier and prouder than you can ever feel down ___35___. 与首尾句名词 动词 形容词 副词倾向! 28.A.excited B. interested C.dangerous D.terrible 32.A.surprising B.excited C.disappointing D.astonishing
◆Dorothy Brown was very happy as she sat in the theatre listening to the music. Today her little daughter Lauren was giving her ___1___ concert. She had been waiting for this __2__ for years and years. “Now it is here at last,” she thought. “How beautiful her ___3___ is.”
The song made her ___4___ to the days when she was Lauren’s ___5___. As a young ___6___, Dorothy wanted to be a concert singer. She studied ___7___ in France, Italy and in the United States. “You can become a fine ___8___ in the future,” her teachers told her. “But you must be ___9___ to study hard and work for many years.
3. A. voice B. face C. dress D. life 7. A. French B. music C. piano D. dance 8. A. actress
B. student
C. singer D. dancer
抓住中心意思-----围绕什么话题 (在文章中出现频率最多的词)
◆Every Thursday afternoon, my art history class meets not in our usual lecture hall ( 演讲厅 ) but in our university Art Museum. We spend our one-hour class discussing two or there of the ___1___, many of which are by artists that we have already studied in class. The professor begins by selecting one ___2___ of art. After giving us a quick background on the artist , he will open up for class ___3___.
1. A. subjects B. paintings C. speeches
D. lectures
宾语从句是特殊疑问句WH-或whether/if时,要选下列动词: ask, doubt, wonder, want to know, know, guess
答题选动词:
〖2011·全国新课标卷〗The professor 37 the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans(豆), and invited the students to 38 how many beans the jar contained. After 39 shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the 40 answer, and went on saying, “You have just 41 an important lesson about science. 38. A．count B. guess C. report D. watch 考察动词，或根据后文wildly wrong guesses的提示，考虑复现选B。
反过来选WH-或whether/if:
K
〖2011·安徽卷〗One afternoon. I walked into a building to ask 41 there were any job opportunities(机会)，The people there advised me not to continue my job search in that 42 .
41. A. why B. wherever C. whether D. whenever
一天，作者走进一座大楼去问“是否”(whether)有自己能做的工作。选C。A项为“为什么”；B项为“无论在那”；D项为“无论何时”
高考阅读得分思维重现法则：
无线索 1、题干无线索的推理 2、判断题 题干
答案 选项 主旨靠 定位 有线索
精确线索 模糊线索 用不同的词、不同的结构表达但和原文一样的内容
（数字、大写、专名、显性逻辑关系） 1全文反复重复的内容 2题干与原文貌离神合
题干定位原则 与主旨靠 3使用原文的近义结构 1数字、大写、专名 原文找意思一样的内容 主-- -被 人---物 2逻辑关系 因 果 选项定位 真---虚 陈述---倒装
手段 目的 4使用原文、原词、原结构 条件 事实 5使用原文的反说
3成分定位 6使用原文的上义词、下义词、同一范畴
词
4主旨靠 7使用原文的总结归纳 5找意思一致内容 8使用原文的分说例证 大忌：（只定位个别词、忽视题干、逻辑、成分）
1 内容相似 都排除
目前，高考英语选择题只能选取一个正确答案！
54. It can be inferred from the passage that___. A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease
B. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people A=B
C. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease
2 内容相反 取其一
有一大汉，想进某屋. 门上并未加锁，但他久推不开，弄得满头大汗. 后面传来一位小姐轻轻的声音：“先生别推，请向后拉！”
大汉真的向后一拉，果然门就轻轻地开了. 大汉奇怪地问：“这门上并没有写拉字，你怎么知道是拉门的呢？”
小姐答：“因为我看到你推了半天，门还不动，那就只有拉了！” 41.We can learn from the text that__________. A. email is less popular than the fax service B. the postal service has over the years become faster B> A. about 400 milliseconds B. below 500 milliseconds B> C. those who are against competition most strongly B> B) we are physically disabled A> 72.Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus because______. A．it has very thin atmosphere B．the surface temperature is too hot B> 一时装模特，在表演时，自己笑了，台下一片喝彩声. 她自感成功，下去向老板索奖. 谁知老板不仅没奖，反而把她炒了. 冤枉不？不冤枉！模特二字，特是幌子，模是目的. 模特表演是不能笑的. 试想，模特一笑，只能显示模特本人的特色，谁还去看她身上的服装呢？所以，模特一笑，特在模掉！ 70. According to the study of Brown Medical School, ______. A. more than 6 million Americans distrust doctors B. only 1/10 of medical websites aim to make a profit C. about 1/10 of the websites surveyed are of high quality B≈C D. 72% of health websites offer incomplete and faulty facts 72. According to the text, Driver Alert _____. A. aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents B. has gone through testing at laboratories C. aims to prevent drivers from sleeping A≈C D. has been on sale for 12 months 69. When people suffer from Alzheimer”s disease, _______. A. their families and friends will suffer from the same disease B. their families and friends will experience mental sufferings A≈B C. they will certainly die in 8 to 10 years D. they will forget everybody but their spouses 16. The rapid-transit rail lines should ______. A. develop as quickly as possible B. develop with local economic development C. develop after local economic development D. develop with the construction industry B≈C 英语作文的框机架 ★★★对比观点题型 （1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1． 有一些人认为…… 2． 另一些人认为…… 3． 我的看法…… The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice . （2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③---------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤---------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥-----(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． ★★★阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． ２． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it. First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(举例说明). Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you’ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. ★★★解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １． 问题现状 ２． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ----------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处). ★★★说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １． 说明事物现状 ２． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） ３． 你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(Ａ的优点之一). Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(Ａ的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．) ★★★议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __ 作 文 题 目. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观 点 一 ________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. People, however, 观 二 differ in their opinions on this ， matter. 原 Some 因 一 peoplehold the idea that______. In their point of view, on the one hand ___ _______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_. Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)_________. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __ 题 作 目 文 题议 目题 _____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, \"every coin has two sides\ 讨 论 议 题 is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,缺 点 一 . In addition, 缺 点 二 . To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨 论 议 题 into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. ( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) 作 文 题 目 _______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all,__途径一 In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of ___ 作 文 题 目 ______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____. ( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: \" ___ 谚 语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___ 例 子 一 ______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____ 谚 语 _____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.. ★★★图表作文的框架 as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文 题 目 的 议 题 _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. 语法讲解(部分)： 一、动词和短语动词 知识网络 行为动词（实义动词） ①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop; ②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come ③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong ④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come） 连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类） 助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语） be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall 情态动词 can(could),may(might),must,shall(should) 动词的分类 短语动词常见的构成 方式及其注意点 动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类 Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物） Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物） 注意： ①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开 She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。 ②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away.她送掉了它们。 ③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异 ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话 put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起。 ④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异 break out发生，爆炸 carry out进行，开展 go out熄灭 hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心 sell out卖完 set out出发, take out取出 work out算出 动词+介词(及物) I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。 注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。 ②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。 look after照料，look at看，look for寻找 动词+副词+介词 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。 注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。 考点聚焦及解题点拨 (单个动词)同义词 近义词辨析 从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法 （是及物动词还是不及物动词） 状态系动词be 持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系动词seem,appear 感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel 变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 终止系动词prove,turn out 解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词 是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer 系动词的用法 接双宾语的动词 短语动词的辨析 容易被我们忽视的知识点 give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb. 熟记常考的短语动词的意义 sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义 happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式 二、动词的时态和语态 1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例） 名称 构成 用法 一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are ) 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、 格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将 来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表 示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时 间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去 时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day. 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were) 现在进行时 is/am/are doing 过去进行时 was/were doing 现在完成时 has/have done 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示 “到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻 才完成，还将继续下去。 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较） 过去完成时 had done 将来完成时 will/shall have done 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 has/have been doing had been doing will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时 过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常 He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。 2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 3.容易混淆的时态比 1 将来时 be + doing 进行时表将来 用 法 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 例 句 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 2 be about to + 动词原形 3 4 be to + 动词原形 一般现在时表将来 项 目 区 别 例 句 现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _____to her? A. was happening B. happens B. C. has happened D. happened 说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked B. C. worked D. works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容） 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 着重表示动作一直在进—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. 行，即动作的延续性时，A. painted B. had painted 则用现在完成进行时 C. have been painting D. have painted 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. 现在进行时表示现在某A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come 个时候或某段时间正在C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 进行的动作 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语 从句,动词需用一般现在时。 现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. 过去进行时表示某个时 A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. 候或某段时间正在进行C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 的动作 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在 做的事情. Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed 一般过去时只表达过去C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 的动作或状态 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项， slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。 一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. 过去进行时表示某个时A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished 候或某段时间正在进行C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 的动作 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断， 他去年一直在写。 II. 动词的被动语态 常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are done 6 过去进行时 was/were being done 2 一般过去时 was/were done 7 现在完成时 have/has been done 3 一般将来时 shall/will be done 8 过去完成时 had been done 4 过去将来时 should/would be done 9 将来完成时 will/would have been done 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 注 be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 意 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 事 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… 项 It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。 含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 三、非谓语动词 非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 现在分词 V-ing形式 动名词 不定式（to do） 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ 主语 表语 △ 宾语 宾语补足语 △ 定语 △ 状语 △ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分 generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……； to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果 非谓语动词的形式变化 非谓语 形式 构成 时态 一般式 进行式 不定式 完成式 完成 进行式 一般式 动名词 完成式 语态 主动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing doing having done 与动名词变化形式相同 被动 to be done to have been done / / being done having been done for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never 复合结构 否定式 sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 在前加not 现在分词 在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。 一、谓语与非谓语的比较 非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。 例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time. A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand 分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。 非谓语语法功能的比较 情况 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 意义基本相同 两者都可以 意义相反 need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则 应用被动形式） stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着） be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 意义不同 try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times. I found her listening to the radio. We found the village greatly changed. 现在分词 过去分词 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 区 别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 例 句 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) Shall we go to the swimming pool? the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 四、名词性从句 种类 连 词 关联词 that whether who what which whatever when where why how that 主 语 连接 代词 从 句 连接副词 陈述意义 宾 语 从 句 疑问意义 if whether 例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is certain. that在引导主语从句时不可省去 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重， Who will win the match is still unknown. 因此一般 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it” 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 来作形式主语。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语 We must never think(that) we are good in everything while 或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句 others are good in nothing. 是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 我想知道他来还是不来。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 表 语 从 句 同 位 语 从 句 who, whom, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？ which,whose, She always thinks of how she can work well. 特殊what, when, 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 疑问where, why, She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。意义 how,whoever, 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 whatever, whichever We must make it clear that anyone who 注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将 breaks the law will be punished. 从句后置。 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。 注2 将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他 不会这样做的。 that The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 连词 whether 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 as if It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 who That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 连接 what The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 代词 which 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 when This is where our problem lies. 连接where 这就是我们的问题所在。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 副词 why That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. how 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容， world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 常用的名词如：fact, news, 由连词that引导，I have no idea when he will come back home. idea, hope, thought,question, order, 不担任成分，也可我不知道他什么时候回来。 fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。 有when, how, The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. where等引导。 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 特别注意what的双重功能： ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality． (what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”) ②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”) ③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”) ④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago (what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”) 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容