Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of \"Friends\a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston's with a few taps on their remote control. \"It's been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years,\" says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.
So the news that Cablevision, an American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.
Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers to worry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates—especially important at a time when marketing budgets are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising, \"many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV,\" says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes. In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-second spots do not Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe deodorant (除臭剂）, which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.
The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, an advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, which designs and sells interactive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain's biggest satellite-television service, already provides 9 million customers with interactive ads.
Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a \"lean back\" medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far (around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.
46. What does Colin Dixon mean by saying \"It's been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years(Lines 4-5, Para. 1)?
A. Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.
B. Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.
C. Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.
D. Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.
47. What is the public's response to Cablevision's planned interactive TV advertising program? A. Pretty positive. B. Totally indifferent. C. Somewhat doubtful. D. Rather critical.
48. What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising? A. It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers. B. It helps advertisers to measure the click-through rates. C. It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage. D. It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease. 49. What do we learn about Unilever's interactive campaign? A. It proves the advantage of TV advertising. B. It has done well in engaging the viewers. C. It helps attract investments in the company. D. It has boosted the TV advertising industry.
50. How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates? A. They may be due to the novel way of advertising. B. They signify the popularity of interactive advertising. C. They point to the growing curiosity of TV viewers. D. They indicate the future direction of media reform.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there're no quick or easy answers. There's work to be done, but workers aren't ready to do it—they're in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve.
But don't bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn't any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there're no easy answers sounds wise, but it's actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions.
The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we're mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular?
Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.
I've been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the
Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is \"unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.\" A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy's needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those \"unadaptable and untrained\" workers.
But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society.
So what you need to know is that there's no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren't suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we're suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn't a real problem, it's an excuse—a reason not to act on America's problems at a time when action is desperately needed.
51. What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America? A. Corporate mismanagement. B. Insufficient demand.
C. Technological advances. D. Workers' slow adaptation.
52. What does the author think of the experts' claim concerning unemployment? A. Self-evident.
B. Thought-provoking. C. Irrational.
D. Groundless.
53. What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression? A. The booming defense industry. B. The wise heads' benefit package. C. Nationwide training of workers. D. Thorough restructuring of industries.
54. What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply? A. Powerful opposition to government's stimulus efforts. B. Very Serious People's attempt to cripple the economy. C. Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries. D. Economists, failure to detect the problems in time. 55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A. To testify to the experts' analysis of America's problems. B. To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment C. To show the urgent need for the government to take action. D. To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation.
46[D]【定位】题干已经将本题定位至第 1 段第 4 至第 5 行。
【解析】本题询问科林·狄克逊所说的这句话的意思。第 1 段开头就指出互动电视广告已推出多年。大概 10 多年前就有人预测它的前景广阔。但在段末处科林·狄克逊表示过去的 10
年、12 年每年都在说今年是互动电视广告之年。换言之,互动电视广告发展停滞不前。因此 D 项“互动电视广告没有取得预期效果”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“互动电视广告将在十至十二年内流行起来”与文章表达内容不符，原文只是提及过去十至十二年及如今互动电视广告的情况。原文并没有提到过去互动电视广告是否受到争议,B 项“互动电视广告在过去的十年左右一直备受争议”没有依据。文中只是对《老友记》中可能出现的互动广告作一个假想，但十多年过后的今天仍未能够取得大的进展，因此 C 项“当与情境喜剧相结合，互动电视广告取得成功”与原文不符。
47 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 Cablevision, the public's response 定位至第 2 段第 1 句。 【解析】本题询问民众对于美国有线电视公司筹划的互动电视广告项目作何反应。根据第 2 段第 1 句，当有线电视网（Cablevision)和美国有线电视公司宣布将在 10 月 6 日向所有的观众推出互动广告，随之引起人们的质疑。C 项中的 doubtful 是原文 skepticism 的同义替换，故 C 项“有些疑虑”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“相当肯定”、B 项“完全冷漠”和 D 项“严厉批评”与原文的 skepticism 意思不符，故均予以排除。
48 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 the wide use of digital video recorders 定位至第 3 段第 3 句。 【解析】本题询问数字视频录像机的广泛使用对电视广告有什么影响。根据第 3 段第 3、4 句，数字视频录像机的普及使得广告商们担心他们的广告会被跳过不看，C 项“它使电视广告处于极大的劣势”是正确答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“它使电视广告易于接近观众”和 D 项“它使观众很容易就能找到特价商品”文中并未提及。第 3 段第 4 句提到互联网广告的优点之一就是可以测量点击率，所以 B 项“它帮助广告商测量点击率”属于张冠李戴。
49 [B]【定位】根据题干中的 Unilever's interactive campaign 定位至第 4 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问我们从联合利华的互动活动中可以得知什么。第 4 段第 1 句提到，从理论上来说，互动广告有着能吸引观众注意力这一优点，接着在第 2 句举了联合利华为例子来证明互动广告是如何成功吸引观众的。因此 B 项“它成功吸引了观众的注意力”是正确答案。
【干扰项排除】联合利华推出的是互动电视广告，所以 A 项“它证明了电视广告的优点”中的 TV advertising 不准确； C 项“它帮助公司招商引资”中的 investments in the company 在文中没有提及；第 3 段首句虽然有提及电视广告业可能会繁荣，但文中举联合利华的例子仅证明互动电视广告成功吸引观众注意力这个优点，至于是否使整个电视广告业繁荣无从得知，因此 D 项“它繁荣了电视广告业”属过度推断。
50 [A]【定位】根据题干中的 high click-through rates 定位至最后一段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问作者如何看待到目前为止的高点击率。作者在文章最后一段指出了自己对互动电视广告前景的担忧，并提出：可能是因为观众出于新奇的缘故导致高点击率。A 项中 the novel way 是原文中 the novelty 的同义转述,因此 A 项“可能是因为广告的新奇方式”正确。
【干扰项排除】作者对目前为止互动电视广告的高点击率持有怀疑态度，B 项“预示着互动广告将流行起来”与作者表达的意思不相符。虽然作者提出了互动电视广告高点击率可能是因为观众出于新奇的缘故，但是能不能一直持续高点击率作者仍是持怀疑态度，因此 C 项“表明电视观众不断增长的好奇心”不符合原文意思。D 项“暗示媒体改革的未来方向”在文中并未提及。
51 [B]【定位】根据题干中的 cause 和 mass unemployment in America 定位至第 2 段第 3 句。
【解析】本题询问作者认为美国大规模失业的根本原因是什么。第 2 段首先否定了第 1 段末所述的“结构性失业”的说法，然后第 3 句指出，所有的事实表明，美国的高失业率其实是需求不足造成的，进而分析了“结构性失业”说法的愚蠢性。B 项中 insufficient 是原文 inadequate 的同义替换,所以选 B 项“需求不足”。
【干扰项排除】文章着眼于国家政策这个大格局来分析美国大规模失业的问题。A 项“公司管理不善”和 C 项“技术进步”并没有提及；D 项“工人适应缓慢”是专家们的说辞，并不是作者的观点。
52 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 experts' claim, the author 可查找到第 2、3 段。
【解析】本题询问作者如何看待专家们关于失业的论断。在第 2 段第 1、2 句作者规劝读者不要费力去寻求证据来证明这种黯淡的观点的合理性，因为根本没有证据。继而，在第 3 段给出一些例证，并得出结论，该证据有力地反驳了“我们主要遭受结构性失业”的措辞。由此，可选定 D 项“没有根据的”。
【干扰项排除】作者对专家们的“结构性失业”论断持否定态度，A 项“不言而喻的”和 B 项“发人深省的”与作者观点相悖；作者试图用证据表明专家们的论断没有根据，但没有提及理性问题，因此可排除 C 项“不理性的”。
[A]【定位】根据题干中的 the Great Depression 定位至第 5 段。
【解析】本题询问作者认为是什么帮助解决了经济大萧条时期大规模失业问题。根据第 5 段最后一句，一个庞大的国防计划最终促成了一个财政刺激方案，其足以满足经济需求，很快各行业就急切雇佣了那些“适应能力差、没有经过培训”的工人们。简言之，庞大的国防计划刺激了经济，带动了就业。所以 A 项“蓬勃的国防工业”是正确答案。
【干扰项排除】B 项“那些聪明人的福利待遇”和 C 项“全国范围内的工人培训”只是利用文中个别词汇 wise heads, untrained workers 等拼凑而成；D 项“行业的彻底重组”在文中找不到任何依据。 54 [A]【定位】根据题干中的 claim, huge structural problems 和 multiply 定位至倒数第 2 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问是什么导致了“巨大的结构性问题”论断的盛行。倒数第 2 段第 1 句指出：权势者在思想上反对政府采取足够规模的行动来刺激经济，这就从根本上解释了为什么“我们面临严重的结构性问题”的说法如此盛行。A 项中 stimulus 对应原文的 jump-start,故选 A 项“政府刺激经杯的努力遭到强有力的反对”。 【干扰项排除】文中提到大规模失业严重削弱了我们的经济和社会，B 项“„非常严谨的人们‟企图削弱经济”利用文中个别词汇 Very Serious People 张冠李戴。C 项“各行业众多部门收集到的证据”利用 evidence 一词拼凑而成。D 项“经济学家们没能及时察觉出问题”在文中并未提及。
55 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 author's purpose 可查找至最后一段。 【解析】本题询问作者写这篇文章用意何在。文章最后一段作者呼吁读者不要相信那些所谓“专家们”的说辞，它们根本没有依据可言。进而其谴责政府的不作为，“我们缺少的并不是必要的技能，而是政府的政策决心。”作者的根本目的是吁请政府采取实际行动来解决目前的问题。C 项中 urgent need 对应原文的 desperately needed,因此 C 项“表达需要政府采取行动的迫切性”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“证明专家们对美国问题的分析”错误，因为作者不认同专家们的看法。文中作者并没有对结构性失业提出一个明确的解决方案，只是呼吁政府应该采取行动解决这个问题，所以 B 项“对结构性失业提供一个可行性解决方案”在文中找不到依据。D 项“警告美国工人适应岗位的紧迫性”利用文中个别词汇 workers、desperately needed、unadaptable 来设置干扰。
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, fanners in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水道污水）to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report—and it may not be a bad thing.
While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food. \"There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,\" said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.
The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道).
When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.
Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty. Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep fanners in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.
Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer. In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative. In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.
\"Overly strict standards often fail,\" James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. \"We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.\"
46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming? A. Its risks cannot be overestimated. B. It should be forbidden altogether.
C. Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved. D. It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.
47. What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation? A. Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated. B. It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business. C. Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria. D. It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture? A. Favorable. B. Skeptical. C. Indifferent. D. Responsible.
49. What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?
A. They have been somewhat exaggerated. B. They can be dealt with through education. C. They will be minimized with new technology.
D. They can be addressed by improved sanitation.
50. What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming? A. He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue. B. He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusion.
C. He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis. D. He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modem house: what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.
The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a \"major\" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering $54,000; even a \"minor\" improvement cost on average $18,000.
Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson & Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would cost ￡145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: \"You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the world.\" The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcase for
the modem family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20th century, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, and as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.
But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Woman's Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order. Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a housewife's daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.
Frederick's central idea, that stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely\Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.
51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today? A. It is where housewives display their cooking skills. B. It is where the family entertains important guests. C. It has become something odd in a modem house. D. It is regarded as the center of a modem home.
52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price? A. It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.
B. No duplicate is to be found in any other place. C. It is manufactured by a famous British company. D. No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.
53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect? A. Improved living conditions. B. Women's elevated status.
C. Technological progress. D. Social change.
54. What was the Beecher sisters' idea of a kitchen? A. A place where women could work more efficiently. B. A place where high technology could be applied. C. A place of interest to the educated people. D. A place to experiment with new ideas. 55. What do we learn about today's kitchen?
A. It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life. B. Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s. C. It has been transformed beyond recognition. D. Many of its functions have changed greatly.
46 [C]【定位】根据题目关键词 the use of raw sewage for farming 可知是问有关污水在农业上使用的信息，考查的是考生对整体篇章的理解能力，定位到全文。
【解析】C 项“其利大于弊”是对第 2 段“那些健康危险远不及社会效益和经济贡献重要”的同义转换，符合文意。
【干扰项排除】A 项“其风险不能被高估”和 B 项“应完全禁止”在原文中无法找到依据；D 项“正使许多农田受到污染”，以原词 cropland 作干扰，但原文说的是用未经处理的污水对大约 4900 万英亩农田进行灌溉和施肥，文中只是说这种做法有健康风险，不能直接得出结论“这些农田被这些污水污染了”，因此 D 项属过度推测。
47 [C]【定位】根据题目关键词 the use of wastewater for irrigation 可定位至第 5 段。 【解析】本题询问污水灌溉导致的主要问题,C 项“农民和消费者都可能受到有害细菌的影响”是对第 5 段首句的概括，符合文意。
【干扰项排除】A 项“附近的河流和湖泊都将逐渐受到污染”属过度推断，原文第 4 段第 2 句仅仅提到农田的灌溉水主要源于当地的河流或湖泊；原文虽有提及人们用人类排泄物代替化学肥料，但无法证明 B 项“利用污水灌溉会使化肥产商倒闭”;D 项“利用污水灌溉会减少农产品在市场上的竞争力”属于无中生有。
48[A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本题考查的是 Pay Drechsel 对将未经处理的人类排泄物用于农业的态度，原文第 5 段末句提到他认为使用未经处理的人类排泄物灌溉农田所带来的社会和经济效益比其带来的健康危害重要。说明他支持这一做法，A 项“赞同的”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】询问观点态度的题目宜采用直选法，考生需准确感知人物观点。B 项“怀疑的”、C 项“冷漠的”以及 D 项“负责的”在文中皆无依据证明。
49 [B]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 及 the risks 定位至第 6 段。 【解析】本题考查的是 Pay Drechsel 对未经处理的人类排泄物用于农业带来的风险的看法，第六段开头提到这个问题可以通过教育农民和消费者来解决,B 项的 dealt with 是原句 addressed 的同义转述，B 项“可通过教育规避其风险”是正确答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“其风险有些被夸大”、C 项“利用新科技可使其风险最小化”和 D 项“其风险可通过改进卫生条件来规避”都不是 Pay Drechsel 对风险的看法。
50 [A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 James Bartram 定位至最后一段的最后一句。 【解析】本题考查的是 James Bartram 对人类排泄物用于农业的观点，原文最后他说稍加处理或没有经过处理的排泄物用于农业是有充分理由的，可见他认为将人类排泄物用于农业有其存在的合理性。而从原文第 5 段可知，Pay Drechsel 认为尽管这种做法有危害，但是它带来的社会和经济效益比其危害更重要。因此 A 项“在这个问题上他和 Pay Drechsel 的观点一致”为正确答案。 【干扰项排除】原文第 3 段提到 Liqa Raschid-Sally 认为污水灌溉利弊共存，James Bartram 也只是承认了有其存在的合理性而已，因此 B 项“他挑战 Iiqa Raschid-Sally 的结论”错误。C 项“他认为这是摆脱当前粮食危机的唯一方法”和 D 项“他认为这是战胜全球贫困所必需都不是 James Bartram 的观点，故排除。
51 [D]【定位】根据题目关键词 the kitchen of today 定位至第 1 段末句。
【解析】第 1 段末句提到厨房已成为现代家居的核心，D 项的 the center of a modem home 是原句 the heart of the modern house 的同义转述，表明 D 项“现在厨房被认为是现代家居的核心”为答案。
【干扰项排除】原文第 1 句提到现代人们无须下厨，因此 A 项“厨房是主妇展示厨艺的场所”与原文意思刚好相反；B 项“厨房是款待重要宾客的场所”在原文中没有提及；原文提到
厨房已成为现代家居的核心的现象很奇怪，而不是说厨房本身奇怪，故排除 C 项。 52 [B]【定位】根据题目关键词 the Georgian-style kitchen 定位至第 3 段。
【解析】本题考查的是乔治王时代风格的厨房定价高的原因，第 3 段末句提到其主要卖点在于绝无仅有，你不会在世界其他地方见到这种厨房。B 项“不可能在世界其他地方找到复制品”为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“据说有极高的艺术价值”在原文中并未提及;C 项“由一家著名的英国公司制造”在文中虽有提及，但不是定价高的原因；D 项“其他的制造商都无法制造类似的厨房”属于易混淆项，但是原文说的是它的卖点在其他人买不到相同的，至于说制造商能否仿制，我们无法得知。
53 [D]【定位】根据题干中 the change in the status of the kitchen 定位至第 4 段第 1 句。 【解析】本题考查的是厨房地位的变化反映了什么，原文第 4 段第 1 句讲到厨房曾经只属于仆人，而今演变为现代家庭的设计展示间，这讲述了一个世纪的社会变革,D 项正确。 【干扰项排除】A 项“生活水平提高了”、B 项“女性地位的提高”和 C 项“技术进步”在原文都没有直接提及，属于主观臆测，故均排除。
54 [A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Beecher sisters 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本题考查比彻姊妹对厨房的看法，第 5 段末句讲到比彻姐妹推介了一种家庭管理的科学方法，旨在提高妇女的工作效率,A 项是对原文意思的高度概括，故为答案。 【干扰项排除】B 项“认为厨房是可以应用高科技的场所”无中生有；C 项“认为厨房是知识分子感兴趣的场所”，这一信息虽在第 5 段首句有提到，但并不是比彻姊妹的看法，而是作者的观点；第 5 段第 2 句提到该姊妹中的一人以激进的新方式对厨房进行思考，她思考的是怎样提高家务效率，而不是试验新想法，因此 D 项“认为厨房是实验新想法的场所”错误。 55 [B]【定位】根据题干可知本题考查的是对文章的整体感知理解能力，定位到全文。 【解析】原文提到 20 世纪 20 年代由玛格丽特设计的第一个配备齐全的厨房中，许多元素依然是今日厨房的中心特色，说明现代厨房的许多核心特色和 20 世纪 20 年代都具有相似性，因此 B 项“现代厨房的许多核心特色和 20 世纪 20 年代相比并无差别”正确。 【干扰项排除】A 项“现代厨房象征人们日常生活中快速的技术进步”和 C 项“现代厨房变得面目全非”在原文中均无提及。D 项“现代厨房的许多功能有很大改变”与原文最后一段末句意思刚好相反。
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission. The commission's revised \"Green Guides\" warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like \"eco-friendly\". Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled.
\"This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that businesses have when they are selling a product,\" said Jon Leibowitz,
chairman of the commission.
The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the rise. According to a new study, the number of advertisements with green messages in mainstream magazines has risen since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%.
But while the number of advertisements may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of ecolabeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game.
In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don't always know what they are getting.
A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits (集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using \"Greenlist\" labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company's own.
\"We are very proud of our accomplishments under the Greenlist system and we believe that we will prevail in these cases,\" Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that \"this has been an area that is difficult to navigate.\" Companies have also taken it upon themselves to contest each other's green claims.
David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.
\"About once a week, I have a client that will bring up a new certification I've never even heard of and I'm in this industry, said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. \"It's kind of a Wild West, anybody can claim themselves to be green.\" Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for businesses and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to.
46. What do the revised \"Green Guides\" require businesses to do? A) Manufacture as many green products as possible. B) Indicate whether their products are recyclable. C) Specify in what way their products are green.
D) Attach green labels to all of their products.
47. What does the author say about consumers facing an explosion of green claims? A) They can easily see through the businesses' tricks. B) They have to spend lots of time choosing products. C) They have doubt about current green certification.
D) They are not clear which products are truly green.
48. What was SC Johnson accused of in the class-action lawsuits?
A) It gave consumers the impression that all its products were truly green.
B) It gave a third party the authority to label its products as environmentally friendly. C) It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party. D) It sold cleaning products that were not included in the official \"Greenlist\". 49. How did Christopher Beard defend his company's labeling practice? A) There were no clear guidelines concerning green labeling. B) His company's products had been well received by the public.
C) It was in conformity to the prevailing practice in the market.
D) No law required the involvement of a third party in certification.
50. What does Kevin Wilhelm imply by saying \"It's kind of a Wild West\" (Line 3，Para. 11)? A) Businesses compete to produce green products. B) Each business acts its own way in green labeling. C) Consumers grow wild with products labeled green. D) Anything produced in the West can be labeled green.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.
That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice.
It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' ，unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.
I'd be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.
There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.
Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two. The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.
How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.
Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students.
Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers.
This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.
51. What do we learn about America's education system? A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.
B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.
C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations. D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.
52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools? A) Unqualified teachers. C) Unfavorable learning environment. B) Lack of financial resources. D) Subconscious racial discrimination. 53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support?
A) Assist the city government in reforming schools. C) Demand higher pay for teachers. B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools. D) Help teachers improve teaching.
54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars? A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs. B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes. C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers. D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.
55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students? A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.
B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones. C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways. D) It totally ignores students，initiative in the learning process.
46 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 the revised “Green Guides”定位至第 2 段。
【解析】本题问“绿色指南”修订版要求商家怎么做。第 2 段首句指出联邦贸易委员会警告商家不得使用诸如“生态友好的”之类表达宽泛的标签。第 2 句指出商家须具体怎么做,包括要证明其产品包装上的描述属实、明确具体的益处。C 项“具体说明其产品为何是绿色的”与原文吻合，其中 Specify 为原文中 specific 的同义表达，故选 C 项。
【干扰项排除】A 项“制造尽可能多的绿色产品”并非联邦贸易委员会的要求。联邦贸易委员会要求商家使其产品的益处具体化，如写明产品中有多少可回收成分，而非 B 项“指出其产品是否可回收”。文章并未提及 D 项“所有产品贴上绿色标签”。
47 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 an explosion of green claims 定位至第 6 段。
【解析】本题问作者对于消费者在面对绿色环保宣传泛滥时的表现有何看法。第 6 段首句指出在过去 5 年左右的时间里，声称绿色环保的宣传呈爆发状态。第 2 句指出消费者并不总是了解他们要购买的产品。D 项“他们并不清楚哪种产品才是真正绿色环保的”与原文相符，故为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“他们能轻易看穿营销陷阱”与文中说的“消费者不总是了解”不符。上文虽提到消费者选购产品时会觉得迷惑，但不能由此得出 B 项“他们必须花费大量时间来挑选产品”。文中有两处提到“绿色认证”，其一是庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼的事例，但并未提及“集体诉讼”是消费者发起的，故不能得出 C 项“他们对当前的绿色认证存在疑虑”。 48 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 SC Johnson 和 the class-action lawsuits 定位至第 7 段第 2 句。 【解析】本题询问在集体诉讼案中，庄臣公司被指控的罪名是什么。第 7 段第 2 句指出，2008 到 2009 年间，庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼，被指在其清洁产品上使用“绿色清单”标签。第 3 句指出诉讼认为该标签具有误导性，原因是“会使消费者误认为该产品已通过第三方认证”。C 项“它误导消费者相信他们的产品已获得第三方认证”与原文意思一致，其中 misled 对应原文的 misleading,故 C 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“它让消费者认为其所有产品都是真正的绿色产品”，涉案的只是庄臣
公司的清洁产品，并未说是其所有产品，A 项可排除。本文未提及庄臣公司“授权第三方为其产品打上环保标签”和“销售不在官方„绿色清单‟中的清洁产品”，故 B、D 两项也可排除。 49[A]【定位】根据题干中的 Christopher Beard 定位至第 8 段。
【解析】本题询问 Christopher Beard 如何为该公司的标签行为作辩解。本段讲到 Christopher Beard 对本公司在绿色清单体系所取得的成就感到骄傲，并且相信他们能在这些“集体诉讼”案子里胜出，然而他也承认这个（绿色标签）领域很难规范、指引。由此可知，Christopher Beard 认为那时候在绿色标签事项上没有明确的指导方针，刚好对应文章开头说的如今美国联邦贸易委员会关于绿色标签的提议，因此 A 项为答案。 【干扰项排除】虽然使用生态环保标签是市场风行的做法，但是无法确定给产品加上自己公司的认证这一做法是否普遍，而且 C 项“符合市场的普遍做法”也不是 Christopher Beard 的辩护观点，故不选。文章未提及 B 项“其公司产品广为公众接受”和 D 项“法律不要求第三方认证”，也可排除。
50[B]【定位】根据题干直接定位至第 11 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问凯文?威廉引用的 Wild West 所指的意义。第 11 段第 2 句先指出当前绿色认证的乱象犹如往昔的“西大荒”，随后指出具体乱在哪些方面：人人都可以宣称自己是环保的，与历史上美国西部拓荒时期的无政府混乱状态如出一辙，因此 B 项“每家公司在绿色标签这方面都有自己的做法”与该句表述相符，为本题答案。
【干扰项排除】文章指出各公司竞相推出各自的绿色环保宣传或广告，而非“竞相生产绿色产品”，故排除 A 项。C 项“消费者对有绿色标签的产品很狂热”、D 项“西部地区所生产的任何产品都可以标记为绿色产品”曲解了 “the Wild West”中 wild 和 west 的意义。
51[B]【定位】根据题干中的 America's education system 定位至第 1 段。
【解析】本题询问文章对美国教育系统的评价。文章首段即明确指出作者的观点：美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，已然成为将不平等代代相传的体系。可见作者认为教育原本具有的消除不平等的功能已不存在，B 项“对消除不平等毫无作用”为答案。 【干扰项排除】第 1 句指出美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，但并非变成了“为富人提供通往机遇的阶梯”，故排除 A 项。后半句指出教育系统变成了将不平等代代相传的体系，并不是指教育系统不变，C 项“几代人以来基本上保持不变”曲解其意，故排除；文章未提及教育体系具有 D 项“将几代人培养成有责任感的公民”的功能，也可排除。 52 [B]【定位】根据题干中的 inner-city schools 定位至第 3 段第 1 句。
【解析】本题询问内城区学校表现不佳的主要原因。第 3 段首句指出，内城区学校表现糟糕的主要原因不是教师工会，而是 poverty(贫穷）。与 poverty 同义的 B 项“缺乏财政来源”为答案。题干中的 is chiefly responsible for 对应原文的 main reason, undesirable performance 对应 do poorly。
【干扰项排除】原文中只是提到主要原因不在于教师工会，而是贫穷，A 项“不合格教师”非主要原因。文章内容未涉及 C 项“不良的学习环境”和 D 项“潜意识的种族歧视”，也可排除。
53[C]【定位】根据题干中的 the union 及题干询问内容可定位至第 4 段第 1、2 句。 【解析】本题询问作者的观点，工会应该如何作为来赢得公众支持。上段末尾提到工会抵制市长采取的一些措施，本段第 1 句提出了作者的观点：如果工会只是致力于获取更高的补偿，他会赞同(sympathetic)。第 2 句进一步说明为什么工会应该致力于获取更高的补偿金：只有高薪才能够吸引优秀人才到贫困地区的学校任教。因此工会应该“为教师争取更高的报酬”,C 项正确。
【干扰项排除】工会抵制了市长采取的一些措施，A 项“帮助市政府改革学校”可排除。基于本文，教师工会的职能主要是为教师提供保护和争取福利，不包括 B 项“为内城区学校提供建设性的建议”和 D 项“帮助教师提高教学质量”。 54 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 the gold standard study, Harvard and Columbia University scholars 定位至第 5 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学的学者开展的金标准研究的结果。因此该句 found 后的宾语从句即为答案：即使是在极度贫困地区的学校，教师也总是会对教育产生巨大的，或积极或消极的影响。因此，D 项“学生的表现与教师密切相关”为答案，体现了教师对教育所产生的影响。题干中的 finding 是原文 found 的词性转换。
【干扰项排除】文章中提及部分内城区学校的师资不佳，但并非该研究发现的结果，因此 A 项“很多内城区学校的教师无法胜任他们的工作”可排除。文章未提及内城区学校学生的行为以及他们对教师的态度，因此 B 项“大部分内城区的孩子经常翘课”和 C 项“很多学生对他们的教师不满”也可排除。
55 [A]【定位】根据题干中的 Chicago union's, demand 和 an insult to students 定位至最后三段。
【解析】本题询问为什么说芝加哥工会的要求是对学生的侮辱。第 9 段指出芝加哥工会坚持认为那些被解聘的（通常是不称职的）教师拥有优先聘用权，作者认为这对学生是个侮辱，第 10 和第 11 段对此作具体解释，指出不应过度保护这些人的工作权益，一旦满足工会要求、保护这些人的权益，学生的权益就会被牺牲掉。因此 A 项“以牺牲学生为代价保护不称职的教师”为答案，at the expense of 是原文中 sacrifices 的同义转换。
【干扰项排除】文章未涉及工会对学生辨别和学习能力的评估，B 项“低估了学生辨别好老师和坏老师的能力”、D 项“完全忽视学生在学习过程中的主动性”均可排除。文章未提及歧视问题，C 项“让学生感到在多方面遭受歧视”也可排除。
Section C
Directions：There are 2 passages in this section．Each passage is follm,rd by some questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A.，B.，C.and D.．You should decide Dn the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre．
Passage One
Questions 56 t0 60 are based on the following passage．
The report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was just as gloomy as anticipated．Unemployment in January jumped to a l6一year high of 7．6 percent，as 598 000 jobs were slashed from US payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December，1974．With l．8 million iobs lost in the last three months． there is urgent desire to boost the economy as quickly as possible．But Washington would do well to take a deep breath before reacting to the grim numbers．
Collectively，we rely on the unemployment figures and other statistics to frame our sense of reality． They are a vital part of an array of data that we use to assess if we‟re doing well or doing badly，and that in turn shapes government policies and corporate budgets and personal spending decisions．The problem is that the statistics aren‟t an objective measure of reality；they are simply a best approximation． Directionally，they capture the trends，but the idea that we know precisely
how many are unemployed is a myth．That makes finding a solution all the more difficult． First，there is the way the data is assembled．The official unemployment rate is the product of a telephone survey of about 60 000 homes．There is another survey，sometimes referred to as the“payroll survey，”that assesses 400 000 businesses based on their reported payrolls．Both surveys have problems． The payroll survey can easily double-count someone：if you are one person with two jobs，you show up as two workers．The payroll survey also doesn‟t capture the number of self．employed，and so says little about how many people are generating an independent income．
The household survey has a larger problem．When asked straightforwardly，people tend to lie orshade the truth when the subject is sex，money or employment．If you get a call and are asked if you‟re employed．and you say yes，you‟re employed．If you say n0，however，it may surprise you to learn that．You are only unemployed if you‟ve been actively looking for work in the past four weeks；otherwise，you are。marginally attached to the labor force”and not actually unemployed．
11le urge to quantify is embedded in our society．But the idea that statisticians can then capture an objective realin-im‟t just impossible．It also leads to serious misjudgments．Democrats and Republicans can and、“U take sides on a number of issues，but a more crucial concern is that both are basing major poticy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and an open mind．
56．What d0 we learn from the first paragraph?
A.1me US economic situation is going from bad to worse． B.Washington is taking drastic measures to provide more jobs． C.111e US government is slashing more jobs from its payrolls． D.The recent economic crisis has taken the US by surprise．
57．、Ⅳhat does the author think of the unemployment figures and other statistics? A.They form a solid basis for policy makin9． B.The．y represent the current situation． C.They signal future economic trend． D.They do not fully reflect the reality．
58．One problem with the payroll survey is that________． A.it does not include all the businesses
B.it fails to count in the self—employed C.it magnifies the number of the jobless D.it does not treat all companies equally
59．111e household survey can be faulty in that_________． A)people tend to lie when talking on the phone B.not everybody is willing or ready to respond C.some people won‟t provide truthful information
D.the definition of unemployment is too broad
60．At the end of the passage，the author suggests that_______． A.statisticians improve their data assembling methods B.decision makers view the statistics with a critical eye C.politicians listen more before making policy decisions
D.Democrats and Republicans cooperate on crucial issues
Passage Two
Questions 61 t0 65 are based on the following passage．
At some point in 2008，someone，probably in either Asia or Africa，made the decision to move from the countryside to the city．This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold，for it was in that year that mankind became，for the first time in its history，a predominantly urban species．
It is a trend that shows no sign of slowin9．Demographers(人口统计学家)reckon that three—quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050，with most of the increase coming in the fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa．Migrants to cities are attracted by plentiful jobs，access to hospitals and education，and the ability to escape the boredom of a farmer‟s agricultural life．Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor(肮脏)，disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers． It is the city that inspires the latest book from Peter Smith．His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life．and the opportunities it offers for co-operation and collaboration，is what attracts people to the city， which in turn makes cities into the engines of art，commerce，science and progress．This is hardly revolutionaD-．tmt it is presented in a charming format．Mr．Smith has written a breezy guidebook，with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity--parks，say，or the various schemes that
have been put forward over the years for building the perfect city．The result is a sort of high．qfuah巧． tmttsually rigorous coffee-table book，designed to be dipped into rather than read from beginning to end． In the chapter on skyscrapers，for example，Mr．Smith touches on construction methods．the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift，the practicalities of living in the sky and the likelihood that． as cities become more crowded，apartment living will become the norm．But there is also time for brief diversions onto bizarre ground，such as a discussion of the skyscraper index(which holds that a boom in skyscraper construction is a foolproof sign of an imminent recession)．
One obvious criticism is that the price of breadth is depth；many of Mr．Smith‟s essays raise as many questions as they answer．Although that can indeed be frustratin9，this is probably the only way to treat so grand a topic．The city is the building block of civilisation and of almost everything people d0；a guidelx)ok to the city is really，therefore，a guidebook to how a large and ever—growing chunk of humanity chooses to live．Mr．Smith‟s book serves as an excellent introduction to a vast subject，and will suggest plenty of further lines of inquiry．
61．In what way is the year 2008 historic?
A.For the first time in history，urban people outnumbered rural people． B.An influential figure decided to move from the countryside to the city． C.It is in this year that urbanisation made a start in Asia and Africa． D.The population increase in cities reached a new peak in Asia and Africa． 62．What does the author say about urbanisation? A.Its impact is not easy to predict． B.Its process will not slow down．
C.It is a milestone in human progress．
D.It aggravates the squalor of cities．
63．How does the author comment on Peter Smith‟s new book? A.It is but an ordinary coffee—table book． B.It is flavoured with humourous stories． C.It serves as a guide to arts and commerce．
D.It is written in a lively and interesting style．
64．What does the author say in the chapter on skyscrapers? A.The automatic lift is indispensable in skyscrapers． B.People enjoy living in skyscrapers with a view． C.Skyscrapers are a sure sign of a city‟s prosperity． D.Recession closely follows a skyscraper boom． 65．What may be one criticism of Mr．Smith‟s book? A)It does not really touch on anything serious．
B.It is too long for people to read from cover to cover． C.It does not deal with any aspect of city life in depth． D.It fails to provide sound advice to city dwellers．
56．【定位】由题干中的the first paragraph直接定位到第一段：A）【精析】推理判断题。文章开篇首句指出，来自劳工统计局的报告正如预料的那样糟糕：一月份的失业率达到了l6年以来的最高水平。这说明美国经济状况恶化，故答案为A)。
57．【定位】由题干中的unemployment figures和other statistics定位到第二段首句和第三句。D)【精析】细节辨认题。文章第二段主要指出作者对失业率的数字和其他数据的看法。文中提到．我们依靠失业率的数字和其他数据来作出评价．但问题是这些数据并没有客观反映现实，它们只是最接近现实而已，所以选D)。 58．【定位】由题干中的problem和payroll survey定位到第三段第四至六句。B)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，电话调查和工资单调查都存在问题：工资单调查的问题在于很容易把某人“算重”及无法获知个体经营者的数量．故B）为答案：
59．【定位】由题干中的household survey定位到第四段．最终定位到第二宅：C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位龟指出。当人们被直接询问的时侯，如果话题涉及性、金钱和工作．人们 通常会撒谎或者掩盖事实，即人们不会提供真实的信息．故C)为答案。 60．【定位】由题于中的At the end of the passage直接定位到末段，最终定位到末句。B)【精析】推理判断题。文章末句指出，一个更关键的问题在于两党的重大决策都是基于大致估计，而并非用批判的眼光和开放性思维来审阅大量的原始数据资料。言下之意是指决策者应该用批判的眼光和开放性思维看待失业率数字，故B)为答案。
61．【定位】由题干中的the year 2008定位到首段. A)【精析】语义理解题。定位段指出，2008年人类来到一个历史性的起点，因为在那一年人类在历史上第一次成为城市人口占主导的种群，即城市人口远超农村人口。故A)为答案。
62．【定位】由题干中的urbanisation定位到第二段。 B)【精析】细节辨认题。文章第一段提出城市化的话题。第二段第一句指出，这个趋势没有减缓的迹象，B)中will not slow down是对原文中shows no sign of slowin9的同义转换，故B)为答案。
63．【定位】由题干中的Peter Smith‟S new book定位到第三段。D)【精析】推理判断题。文章第三段第三、四句提到，史密斯先生的书以一种迷人的模式呈现出来；又提到这是一本让人如沐春风的指导书，它主要包含公园及多年来提出的让城市变得完美的各种各样的 项目。换言之，它生动有趣，故D)为本题的答案。
64．【定位】由题干中的the chapter on skyscrapers定位到第四段。D)【精析】细节辨认题。由定位段可知，史密斯先生在摩天大楼那一章，阐述了建筑方法、自动电梯等问题，同时谈及一些稀奇的理论，比如关于摩天大楼指数的结论，即建筑摩天大楼的热潮很明显地 预示着即将发生的衰退，故D)为答案。 65．【定位】由题干中的criticism定位到末段。C)【精析】推理判断题。末段首句提到，对史密斯先生的书的一个显著的批评是：文章涉及内容过于广泛，而深度不够，未能对城市生活进行深入探讨，故C)为答案。
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
I'll admit I've never quite understood the obsession (难以破除的成见 ) surrounding genetically modified (GM) crops. To environmentalist opponents, GM foods are simply evil, an understudied. possibly harmful tool used by big agricultural businesses to control global seed markets and crush local farmers. They argue that GM foods have never delivered on their supposed promise, that money spent on GM crops would be better channeled to organic farming and that consumers should be protected with warning labels on any products that contain genetically modified ingredients. To supporters, GM crops are a key part of the effort to sustainably provide food to meet a growing global population. But more than that, supporters see the GM opposition of many environmentalists as fundamentally anti-science, no different than those who question the basics of man-made climate change.
For both sides, GM foods seem to act as a symbol: you're pro-agricultural business or anti-science. But science is exactly what we need more of when it comes to GM foods, which is why I was happy to see Nature devote a special series of articles to the GM food controversy. The conclusion: while GM crops haven't yet realized their initial promise and have been dominated by agricultural businesses, there is reason to continue to use and develop them to help meet the enormous challenge of Sustainably feeding a growing planet.
That doesn't mean GM crops are perfect, or a one-size-fits-all solution to global agriculture problems. But anything that can increase farming efficiency--the amount of crops we can produce per acre of land-- will be extremely useful. GM crops can and almost certainly will be part of that suite of tools, but so will traditional plant breeding, improved soil and crop management--and perhaps most important of all, better storage and transport infrastructure (基础设施), especially in the developing world. (It doesn't do much good for farmers in places like sub-Saharan Africa to produce more food if they can't get it to hungry consumers. ) I'd like to see more non-industry research done on GM crops--not just because we'd worry
less about bias, but also because seed companies like Monsanto and Pioneer shouldn't be the only entities working to harness genetic modification. I'd like to see GM research on less commercial crops, like corn. I don't think it's vital to label GM ingredients in food, but I also wouldn't be against it--and industry would be smart to go along with labeling, just as a way of removing fears
about the technology.
Most of all, though, I wish a tenth of the energy that's spent endlessly debating GM crops was focused
on those more pressing challenges for global agriculture. There are much bigger battles to fight.
56. How do environmentalist opponents view GM foods according to the passage? A. They will eventually ruin agriculture and the environment. B. They are used by big businesses to monopolize agriculture. C. They have proved potentially harmful to consumers' health. D. They pose a tremendous threat to current farming practice.
57. What does the author say is vital to solving the controversy between the two sides of the debate?
A. Breaking the GM food monopoly. B. More friendly exchange of ideas. C. Regulating GM food production.
D. More scientific research on GM crops. 58. What is the main point of the Nature articles?
A. Feeding the growing population makes it imperative to develop GM crops. B. Popularizing GM technology will help it to live up to its initial promises. C. Measures should be taken to ensure the safety of GM foods. D. Both supporters and opponents should make compromises. 59. What is the author's view on the solution to agricultural problems? A. It has to depend more and more on GM technology.
B. It is vital to the sustainable development of human society.
C. GM crops should be allowed until better alternatives are found.
D. Whatever is useful to boost farming efficiency should be encouraged. 60.What does the author think of the ongoing debate around GM crops? A. It arises out of ignorance of and prejudice against new science. B. It distracts the public attention from other key issues of the world.
C. Efforts spent on it should be turned to more urgent issues of agriculture. D. Neither side is likely to give in until more convincing evidence is found.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Early decision--you apply to one school, and admission is binding--seems like a great choice for nervous applicants. Schools let in a higher percentage of early-decision applicants, which arguably means that you have a better chance of getting in. And if you do, you're done with the whole agonizing process by December. But what most students and parents don't realize is that schools have hidden motives for offering early decision.
Early decision, since it's binding, allows schools to fill their classes with qualified students; it allows admissions committees to select the students that are in particular demand for their college and know those students will come. It also gives schools a higher yield rate, which is often used as one of the ways to measure college selectivity and popularity.
The problem is that this process effectively shortens the window of time students have to make
one of the most important decisions of their lives up to that point. Under regular admissions, seniors have until May 1 to choose which school to attend; early decision effectively steals six months from them, months that could be used to visit more schools, do more research, speak to current students and alumni (校友) and arguably make a more informed decision.
There are, frankly, an astonishing number of exceptional colleges in America, and for any given student, there are a number of schools that are a great fit. When students become too fixated (专注) on a particular school early in the admissions process, that fixation can lead to severe disappointment if they don't get in or, if they do, the possibility that they are now bound to go to a school that, given time forfarther reflection, may not actually be right for them.
Insofar as early decision offers a genuine admissions edge, that advantage goes largely to students who already have numerous advantages. The students who use early decision tend to be those who have received higher-quality college guidance, usually a result of coming from a more privileged background. In this regard, there's an argument against early decision, as students from lower-income families are far less likely to have the admissions know-how to navigate the often confusing early deadlines.
Students who have done their research and are confident that there's one school they would be thrilled to get into should, under the current system, probably apply under early decision. But for students who haven't yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.
61. What are students obliged to do under early decision? A. Look into a lot of schools before they apply. B. Attend the school once they are admitted. C. Think twice before they accept the offer. D. Consult the current students and alumni. 62. Why do schools offer early decision? A. To make sure they get qualified students. B. To avoid competition with other colleges. C. To provide more opportunities for applicants. D. To save students the agony of choosing a school.
63. What is said to be the problem with early decision for students? A. It makes their application process more complicated. B. It places too high a demand on their research ability. C. It allows them little time to make informed decisions. D. It exerts much more psychological pressure on them. 64. Why are some people opposed to early decision? A. It interferes with students' learning in high school. B. It is biased against students at ordinary high schools.
C. It causes unnecessary confusion among college applicants.
D. It places students from lower-income families at a disadvantage. 65. What does the author advise college applicants to do?
A. Refrain from competing with students from privileged families.
B. Avoid choosing early decision unless they are fully prepared.
C. Find sufficient information about their favorite schools. D. Look beyond the few supposedly thrilling options. Section A 参考答案
1.C)【精析】语义理解题。女士认为智者美不外现，而愚蠢的人才四处炫耀，言语中暗示男士属于后者。男士回答“你是说我往自己脸上贴金。这样的话，我就是十足的傻瓜„。”从男士的语气上可以听出他的不悦，男士说的是反语。
2. C)【精析】综合理解题。女士问男士报纸上是怎样报 道飞往香港的870次航班上的可怕事件的，男士说一共抓捕了三个劫机犯，他们试图迫使飞机飞往日本，不过最后乘客和机组人员都安全着陆。由此可知，乘客没有受到伤害。
3. D)【精析】场景推断题。男士要将支票账户的钱转存到存款账户，女士是银行职员，索要男士的账号和身份证件，因此对话最有可能发生在银行。
4. D)【精析】综合理解题。对话中女士说她再也不会相 信那本杂志里的餐馆评论员了，这家餐馆的食物根 本比不上他们在唐人街吃到的食物，而男士对此表 示赞同．并说根本就不值得排队等候。由此可见这家餐馆没有达到讲话者的期望。B)选项的干 扰性较大．但是对话中并没有直接指出评论员高度评价这家中餐馆．因此排除．
5. A)【精析】推理判断题。女士表示她无法相信Laurence教授要退休了，男士表示Laurence教授 退休以后每个学期还会组织一个研究生研讨会，也 就是说退休后仍积极参加学术活动。
6. B)【精析】事实细节题。本题询问女士想和男士讨论 的内容，对话中女士明确表示她想与男士讨论找人 顶替Leon的职位，关于Rodney的内容都是干扰 选项。
7. D【精析】综台理解题。女士指出Helen为了看摄影展都不来上班了．男士听到这个消息才知道Helen 已经买到票了。看来Helen一直都在期待着能够买到票去看展览。 8. A)【精析】语义理解题。女士表示Steve列出的员工 激励措施脱离实际，男士表示“你抢了我的台词”， 即他们想到一块儿去了。
9. B)【精析】细节辨认题。对话中男士指出在美国的工作 工资低，但是这份工作很有新意，而且有一些优点。hat benefit will the man get if he took the post ~ i~ S~o Paulo?细节辨认题：对话中男士指出选择圣保罗的工作可以为他带来升职：安家费和免费住宿是葡萄牙工作的好处，属于干扰选项。
11. D)【精析】细节推断题。对话中男士指出在巴西工作需要签5年的合约，离家太远，一旦家里有事发生，无法兼顾。
12. C)【精析】推理判断题。对话结尾女士表示她理解男士很难选择，男士却回答，幸运的是，他不需要做出决定，因为他还没有被叫去面试。由此推测，男士现在在找工作的过程当中。
13. A)【精析】目的原因题。对话中男士想办理一个利率 最高的短期存款，因此打电话向银行询问。
14. B)【精析】细节辨认题。对话中女士男士介绍了不同的理财产品，男士表示他对长期投资不感兴趣，想选择类似三个月的短期存款。
15. C)【精析】细节推断题。对话结尾，在男士说出了 N0，thank you之后，女士为了说服男士在银行存款，表示可以提供给他当地一流餐厅的优惠券。
Section B 参考答案
16. D)【精析】细节辨认题。短文开头提到，Karen Smith 是一位百货公司的采购员，作为优秀的采购人员，不仅要了解当时的时尚，还要能够预测将来的时尚趋势：
17. A)【精析】细节辨认题。短文中提到．Karen Smith1的工作是到世界各地去购买手工艺品。
18. C)【精析】目的原因题。短文中明确提到Karen觉得她已经找到了最好的工作，因为她喜欢去世界各地出差，她可以借出差的机会去市场和那些人们不常去的小地方。
19. C)【精析】推理判断题。短文开头提到，Vaukin在一家国际性的咖啡机构工作，这一机构代表着巴西以及其他一些出口咖啡的国家。
20. A)【精析】细节推断题．短文中提到巴西遭遇了严寒 天气．使得大片咖啡树受损．因此全世界出现了咖啡短缺的情况。
21. B)【精析】细节辨认题。短文中提到，Vaukin是个27岁的年轻小伙子，长得不错，而且单身。
22. B)【精析】细节辨认题。短文结尾处提到，Vaukin 最近满脑子都是咖啡价格和咖啡推广活动的事情。
23. D)【精析】目的原因题。短文中提到，在去年的旅行中，由于男士和妻子乘坐的长途火车晚点，导致他们没有赶上游船之旅。
24. A)【精析】细节辨认题。短文中提到，夫妻二人今年的旅行依然没有如愿，因为他们所乘坐班机的航空公司罢工。
25. B)【精析】推理判断题。短文中提到鉴于以往的失败 旅游经历，讲话者只想待在家里过假期。
Section C 参考答案
26．puzzled 【精析】句意推断题。此空后面是名词some people，前面是has，因此has应该是助动词，此空需要填入一个动词(词组)的过去分词，与has构成现在完成时。 结合录音填入puzzled，意为“使……迷惑”。
27．suicide【精析】固定搭配题。此空前面有commit一词 而前文中提到动物的自杀行为，故联想到固定搭 配commit suicide，为“自杀”之意。结合录音填入 suicide。
28．creatures【精析】修饰关系题。此空前面的The small是 “定冠词+形容词”的形式，因此空格处要填入一个名词作句子的主语；主语后面接定语从句，从旬 中的动词inhabit没有使用第三人称单数形式，因此确定这个名词主语是复数。结合录音填人 creatures，意为“生物”。
29．sufficiently【精析】修饰关系题。此空位于系动词is之后，形 容词large之前，故应填人副词用来修饰后面的形 容词。结合录音填入sufficiently，意为“足够地”。
30．migration【精析】句意推断题。此空的前面是“冠词+形容 词”的形式，因此空格处需要填入一个名词；后面 是第三人称单数形式的动词commences，“开始” 之意，进而确定此空的名词为单数。结合录音填 入migration，意为“迁徙”。 31．destructive【精析】修饰关系题。此空与前面的their和后面 的march一起作continuin9的宾语，march此处 是名词，为“行军，前进”之意；此空与their共同作 march的定语，故猜测应该填入一个形容词。结 合录音填入destructive，意为“毁灭性的”。
32 float Oil water【精析】语义推断题：此空前面是Most，后面没有 动词．而是直接出现了名词a short time，由此确定 ．Most为名词．指。大部分旅鼠”，作句子的主语，空 格处赠填入谓语部分。结合录音填入float Oil ‟vater．意为。在水上漂浮”。
33．a huge body of【精析】修饰关系题。此空前面是such，后面是不 可数名词water，故猜测此空可以填入形容词来修 饰water。此处答案并不是单个的形容词，而是一 个量词词组，结合录音填入a huge body of water，意为“大面积的水域”。
34．assulne【精析】句意推断题。此空位于情态动词may之 后，故应填人动词(词组)原形。结合录音填入 assume意为“假定，认为”。
35．obstacle【精析】句意推断题。此空的前面为another such swimmable，“另一个能够游泳的”，说明此空需要 填入一个名词，而且是单数名词。结合录音填入 obstacle，意为“障碍(物)”。
36．【考点】名词辨析题。J)【语法判断】空格位于代词this之后．据此推断可 以填入名词．作put的宾语．构成put．．．into practice的结构：【语义判断】第一句。那些没有击垮我们的东西会 使我们更加强大”是一句俗语．表达了一种人生哲 学=备选名词中．符合句意的只有philosoph}。人生哲学”： 37．【考点】动词辨析题：c)【语法判断】空格前是What引导的主语从句．空格后是what引导的宾语从句．据此推断空格处 应填入动词第三人称单数作主句的谓语：【语义判断】选项中．符合要求的动词有contains． mirrors和undermines：空格前面部分句意是。他 们的网络行为”，后面部分大意是。他们的行动自由不时自己会做的那些事”．放推断空格 所填词的意思应该是“包括”，故答案为contains。 38．【考点】动词辨析题。B)【语法判断】空格在if引导的条件状语从句中．该从句的主语为mobility“移动性”．空格位于 weren‟t之后，据此推断可填入过去分词，构成被动语态。【语义判断】结合段首的“青少年被锁在房间里”可知，青少年的移动性受到家长的限制，故答案为constrained“限制”。 39．【考点】动词辨析题。D)【语法判断】空格位于to之后，此处应填入动词原形，构成动词不定式结构，整个不定式结构后置修 饰名词freedom。【语义判断】选项中动词原形有assess和explore，又由于本句出现了identity“特性，身份”，由此可知，此句含义应为“青少年需要自由来探索自我和 身边的世界”，故答案为explore“探究”。
40．【考点】动词辨析题。L)【语法判断】空格位于Instead of之后，据此推断 可以填入动名词。【语义判断】空格后有out，所以所填的词应该可 以和0ut搭配。选项中符合要求的有stickin9和sneakin9。sticking out表示“坚持”，意思与原文不符．故排除。sneaking out“溜走，偷跑”，符合句意．故答案为sneakin9。
41．【考点】形容词辨析题。K)【语法判断】空格位于定冠词the和名词dangers之间．据此推断可填入形容词。【语义判断】由本句中的“残忍的同龄人”和“谷歌上将会萦绕家长们下半生的那些图片和文字”可知，这些危险应该是“潜在的”危险，故答案为 potential。 42．【考点】形容词辨析题。O)【语法判断】该空格位于strangers之前，据此推断可填入形容词。【语义判断】结合所有备选形容词词义可知，答案为violent。暴力的”： 43．【考点】动词辨析题：F)【语法判断】该空格位于介词of之后，据此推断可填入名词或动名词．【语义判断】空格后为介词with，由此可知若填入动名词．此动名词壹与with构成固定搭配，故答 案为interactin9。交往”： 44．【考点】动词辨析题：A)【语法判断】该空格位于名词risks之前．处于动词不 定式的大结构之中．据此推断此处应填入动词原形。【语义判断】备选项中的动词原形有assess，explore和influence．可与risks搭配并符合文意的只有aSSess．故答案为assess”评定．评价”： 45．【考点】动词辨析题：N)【语法判断】该空格位于it与the learning that之间，据此推断应填入动词作谓语，而且应该是动词的第三人称单数形式。【语义判断】选项中符合要求的只有undermines，填入空格符合句意，故答案为undermines“逐渐削弱”。
46．【定位】由题干中的competition和profits定位到 C)段第三句。
C)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出，最好的竞争应 该是使利润趋于零，至少理论上是这样。题干中的to the minimum是对定位句中的zer0的同义 转述，In theory是对定位旬中的theoretically的 同义转述，故答案为C)。
47．【定位】由题干中的a great division定位到A)段第二句。
A)【精析】细节推断题。定位句提到，2007年底，当美国出现经济大萧条时，人们再也无法忽视可以用来说明美国经济状况的分化。题于中的is now characterized by是对定位句中的come to define 的同义转述，故答案为A)。
48．【定位】由题干中的the majority of its citizens和 economic model定位到E)段第三、四句。
E)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，由于美国在冷战中大胜，似乎其经济体制已没有真正的竞争对手。没有了这种国际竞争，就没有必要证明美国 的体制能够为大多数公民带来利益。题干中的the majority of its citizens是对定位句中的most of ollr citizens的同义转述，题干中的rival是对定位句中的a real competitor的同义转述，故答案为E)。 49．【定位】由题干中的top和privileges定位到I)段第二、三句。
I)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句提到，经济和地理分 隔使得上层人群免受底层人群问题的困扰，正如古代的国王，他们认为自己的优越地位是一种与生俱来的权利。由此可知，上层的富人视其特权为理所当然。题干中的take…for granted是对定位句中的perceive．as a natural right的同义转述，故答案为I)。 50．【定位】由题干中的examples和imperial capitalism定位到B)段第一、二句。 B)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，在过去一年半的时间里，《纽约时报》中的“大鸿沟”系列报道为我们提供了很多削弱一个观点的事例，这个观点是：美国有真正意义上的资本主义的基本法律。19世纪帝国资本主义的动态不再适用于21世纪的民主国家。题干中的Many examples是对定位句中的a wide range of examples的同义转述，basic laws是对定位句中的fundamental laws的 同义转述，故答案为B)。
51．【定位】由题干中的author和true spirit of the market定位到P)段第二至四句。 P)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句提到，这些问题的解 决方法并不需要多么新颖，恰恰相反，让市场像正常市场那样运作就是个好起点。题于是对定位句的概括，故答案为P)。 52．【定位】由题干中的A quarter of和prisoner population定位到M)段末句。 M)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，如果算上重复入狱的人数，那么这个人口仅为世界人口5％的国家的入狱人数达到了全世界入狱人数的四分之一。题干中的A quarter of是对定位句中的a fourth of的同义转述，故答案为M)。 53．【定位】由题干中的Government regulation定位到F)段第三句。
F)【精析】细节推断题。定位句中将政府的干预模式比喻为钟摆，明确指出政府干预经济的力度从太大转变为太小。题于中的from one extreme to the other指的就是定位句中的from much too much government there to much too little here，故答案为F)。
54．【定位】由题干中的Justice，expensive和afford 定位到N)段首句。
N)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，公平已经变成了一种商品，但只有少数人才买得起。接着第二 句具体说明这种情况。题干中的a small number of people是对定位句中的a few的同义转述，故答案为N)。 55．【定位】由题干中的No country，provide和conapletely equal opportunities定位到K)段第二句。
K)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，没有任何一个国家能够达到提供完全平等的机
会的目标。题中的completely equal opportunities对应原文中的 complete equality of opportunity，故答案为K)。
56．【定位】由题干中的environmentalist opponents 定位到首段第二句。
B)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，奉行环境保护主义的反对者们反对转基因食品是因为转基因食品邪恶、没有经过充分研究并可能成为大型农业公司控制全球种子市场和压榨当地农民的工具。由此可见，B)的意思符合文意，即转基因食品是一种被大型农业公司用以垄断的 工具。 57．【定位】由题干中的controversy和two sides定位 到第二段第一、二旬。 D)【精析】细节辨认题。首句就提到了题干中的two sides，表明对双方而言，转基因食品是一个标志你是亲农业还是反科学。第二句中But science is exactly what we need more of when it comes to GMfoods接着指出，当涉及转基因食品时，我们更需要的是科学，故答案为D)。 58．【定位】由题干中的Nature定位到第二段第二、三句。
A)【精析】推理判断题。题干问题为：《自然》杂志上的系列报道的主要观点是什么?该题的答案在定位句之后的句子中：The conclusion：…there is reason to continue to use and develop them tohelp meet the enormous challenge of sustainably feeding a growing planet．该句指出，作者看到《自然》杂志中有关转基因食品争议的报道，其结论是我们有理由继续使用和研发转基因农作物来帮助我们为人口不断增长的星球持续供应食物。故答案为A。 59．【定位】由题干中的the solution tO agricultural peoblems定位第三段第一、二句； D)【精析】：定位句指出．转基因农作物并不是解决全球农业两题„一劳永逸”的办法，但 是任何提高耕作效率的方法都是极为有用的，故答案为D)。 60．【定位】由题干中的0ngoing debate定位到末段。
C)【精析】观点态度题。作者在定位段中指出，人们 应该拿出花在无休止讨论转基因农作物上时间的 十分之一来关注一下全球农业面临的更紧迫的挑战，故答案为C)。
61．【定位】由题干中的0bliged to d0和early decision定位到首段首句。
B)【精析】细节辨认题。由定位句可知，在提前录取体制下，你申请一所学校，其录取具有约束力，故答案为B)。 62．【定位】由题干中的0ffer early decision定位到首段最后一句。 A)【精析】推理判断题。首段末句中提到，学校提供提前录取是有其隐藏的动机的。接下来，由第二段第一句可知，提前录取可以使学校录取到高质量的学生，因此答案为A)。 63．【定位】由题干中的the problem和for students定位到第三段第一句。
C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，问题在于这个过程实际上缩短了学生必须作出他们到那时为止人生最重要的决定的时间，故答案为C)。
64．【定位】由题干中的0pposed定位到倒数第二段最后一句。
D)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，有人反对提前录取，因为低收入家庭的学生收到录取指南以助他们理解那些常常让人困惑的提前录取截止时间的可能性要小得多，故答案为D)。
65．【定位】由题干中的the author advise和题文同序原则定位到最后一段。
B)【精析】推理判断题。定位段第二句指出，对于那些没有做足研究或者始终无法确定自己最喜欢哪所学校的学生来说，提前录取体制没有必要并且过早地缩小了他们此时的选择范围，而这个时候他们正应该放开自己以迎接一系列令人心动的选择，故答案为B)。
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
When the right person is holding the right job at the right moment, that person's influence is greatly expanded. That is the position in which Janet Yellen, who is expected to be confirmed as the next chair of the Federal Reserve Bank (FeD. in January, now finds herself. If you believe, as many do, that unemployment is the major economic and social concern of our day, then it is no stretch to think Yellen is the most powerful person in the world right now.
Throughout the 2008 financial crisis and the recession and recovery that followed, central banks have taken on the role of stimulators of last resort, holding up the global economy with vast amounts of money in the form of asset buying. Yellen, previously a Fed vice chair, was one of the principal architects of the Fed's $ 3.8 trillion money dump. A star economist known for her groundbreaking work on labor markets, Yellen was a kind of prophetess early on in thc crisis for her warnings about the subprime (次级债) meltdown. Now it will be her job to get the Fed and the markets out of the biggest and most unconventional monetary program in history without derailing the fragile recovery.The good news is that Yellen,67, is particularly well suited to meet these challenges. She has a keen understanding of financial markets, an appreciation for their imperfections and a strong belief that human suffering was more related to unemployment than anything else.
Some experts worry that Yellen will be inclined to chase unemployment to the neglect of inflation. But with wages still relatively flat and the economy increasingly divided between the well-off and the long-term unemployed, more people worry about the opposite, deflation (通货紧缩) that would aggravate the economy's problems.
Either way, the incoming Fed chief will have to walk a fine line in slowly ending the stimulus. It must be steady enough to deflate bubbles (去泡沫) and bring markets back down to earth but not so quick thatit creates another credit crisis.
Unlike many past Fed leaders, Yellen is not one to buy into the finance industry's argument that itshould be left alone to regulate itself. She knows all along the Fed has been too slack on regulation of finance. Yellen is likely to address the issue right after she pushes unemployment below 6%, stabilizes markets and makes sure that the recovery is more inclusive and robust. As Princeton Professor Alan Blinder says, \"She's smart as a whip, deeply logical, willing to argue but also a good listener. She can persuade without creating hostility.\" All those traits will be useful as the global economy's new power player takes on its most annoying problems.
56. What do many people think is the biggest problem facing Janet Yellen? A. Lack of money. B. Subprime crisis. C. Unemployment. D. Social instability.
57. What did Yellen help the Fed do to tackle the 2008 financial crisis? A. Take effective measures to curb inflation.
B. Deflate the bubbles in the American economy. C. Formulate policies to help financial institutions. D. Pour money into the market through asset buying. 58. What is a greater concern of the general public? A. Recession. B. Deflation. C. Inequality. D. Income.
59. What is Yellen likely to do in her position as the Fed chief? A. Develop a new monetary program. B. Restore public confidence. C. Tighten financial regulation.
D. Reform the credit system.
60. How does Alan Blinder portray Yellen? A. She possesses strong persuasive power. B. She has confidence in what she is doing.
C. She is one of the world's greatest economists. D. She is the most powerful Fed chief in history.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Air pollution is deteriorating in many places around the world. The fact that public parks in cities become crowded as soon as the sun shines proves that people long to breathe in green, open spaces. They do not all know what they are seeking but they flock there, nevertheless. And, in these surroundings, they are generally both peaceful and peaceable. It is rare to see people fighting in a garden. Perhaps struggle unfolds first, not at an economic or social level, but over the appropriation of air, essential to life itself.
If human beings can breathe and share air, they don't need to struggle with one another.
Unfortunately, in our western tradition, neither materialist nor idealist theoreticians give enough consideration to this basic condition for life. As for politicians, despite proposing curbs on environmental pollution, they have not yet called for it to be made a crime. Wealthy countries are even allowed to pollute if they pay for it.
But is our life worth anything other than money? The plant world shows us in silence what faithfulness to life consists of. It also helps us to a new beginning, urging us to care for our breath, not only at a vital but also at a spiritual level. The interdependence to which we must pay the closest attention is that whicl exists between ourselves and the plant world. Often described as \"the lungs of the planethe woods tha cover the earth offer us the gift of breathable air by releasing oxygen. But their capacity to renew the ai polluted by industry has long reached its limit. If we lack the air necessary for a healthy life, it is because we have filled it with chemicals and undercut the ability of plants to regenerate it. As we know, rapi deforestation combined with the massive burning of fossil fuels is an explosive recipe for an irreversibl disaster.
The fight over the appropriation of resources will lead the entire planet to hell unless humans learn
t share life, both with each other and with plants. This task is simultaneously ethical and political because can be discharged only when each takes it upon herself or himself and only when it is accomplishe together with others. The lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere c the living, while dividing life into so-called natural or human resources diminishes it. We must come t view the air, the plants and ourselves as the contributors to the preservation of life and growth, rathe than a web of quantifiable objects or productive potentialities at our disposal. Perhaps then we woulfinally begin to live, rather than being concerned with bare survival.
61. What does the author assume might be the primary reason that people would struggle with each other
A. To get their share of clean air. B. To pursue a comfortable life. C. To gain a higher social status.
D. To seek economic benefits.
62. What does the author accuse western politicians of? A. Depriving common people of the right to clean air. B. Giving priority to theory rather than practical action. C. Offering preferential treatment to wealthy countries. D. Failing to pass laws to curb environmental pollution. 63. What does the author try to draw our closest attention to? A. The massive burning of fossil fuels. B. Our relationship to the plant world.
C. The capacity of plants to renew polluted air.
D. Large-scale deforestation across the world.
64. How can human beings accomplish the goal of protecting the planet according to the author? A. By showing respect for plants. B. By preserving all forms of life. C. By tapping all natural resources. D. By pooling their efforts together.
65. What does the author suggest we do in order not just to survive? A. Expand the sphere of living.
B. Develop nature's potentials. C. Share life with nature. D. Allocate the resources. 56．【定位】NN-P0的many people和the biggest
C)[解析l细节辨认题。定位句指出，很多人都认为problem定位到首段第三句。失业是这个时代主要的经济和社会关注点，故答案为C)。 57．【定位】由题干中的the 2008 financial crisis和人物关键词Yellen定位到第二段前两句。 D)【精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，在2008年经济危机及随后的衰退和复苏期间，中央银行通过资产买卖的方式擎起全球经济，而耶伦又帮助美联储聚集了巨额资金。综合分析，可以推断出耶伦帮助美联储通过资产买卖向市场注入资金，故答案为D)。
58．【定位】根据题干中的greater concern和the general public定位到第四段第二句。
B)【精析】推理判断题。由第四段第一句可知，一些专家担心耶伦会忽视通货膨胀问题，而
定位句反驳了这一观点，指出更多人担心的恰恰与之相反，即由于薪金相对比较固定，以及富人和长期失业者的经济差距不断加大，通货紧缩才是主要问题，故答案为B)。 59．【定位】由题干中的the Fed chief以及题文同序原则定位到第六段。
C)【精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，耶伦不相信金融行业能够自我规范运行，她认为美联济监管方面过于松弛。而随后的第七段首句也指出，她即将着手解决这一问题，故可推知她将要加紧金融制度，故答案为C)。 60．【定位】由题干中的Alan Blinder定位到最后一段。
A)【精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，艾伦·布朗德认为耶伦十分聪明，很有逻辑，乐于争辩也善于倾听，同时还能够在不让对方产生敌意的情况下劝服别人，可见她有很强的说服力，故答案为A)。
61．【定位】由题干中的struggle定位到首段最后两句。
A)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句明确指出，争斗最初发生不是在经济或者社会层面，而是在对空气占有方面。如果人类能够呼吸和分享空气，也许就不会再彼此争斗，故答案为A)。 62．【定位】由题干中的politicians定位到第二段第二句。
D)【精析】推理判断题。由定位句可知，政治家们尽管建议控制环境污染，但并未要求将污染环境人罪，也就是说他们未能用法律手段限制环境污染，故答案为D)。
63．【定位】根据题干中的closest attention定位到第三段第四句。
B)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句明确指出，我们与植物世界相互依存，我们应该密切地关注这一点。换句话说，作者想要引起我们密切关注的是我们与植物世界相互依存的关系，故答案为B)。
64．【定位】由题干中的accomplish及planet定位到第四段前两句。
D)【精析】推理判断题。定位句说明，争夺资源的斗争会将我们的星球带人地狱，除非人类懂得相互之间、与植被之间分享生活，这一任务只有在每一个人都承担起责任并且大家共同承担时才能完成，可见要保护地球必须集合众人的努力，故答案为D)。 65．【定位】由题干中的just to survive和题文同序原则定位到最后一段。
C)【精析】推理判断题。由定位段可知，分享生活可以拓展生命空间，提升生命层次，我们要将空气、植被和我们自己均视为保护生命和成长的贡献者，而不是任由我们支配量化物品和生产潜能的网络，综合看来，与自然分享生命是实现生活层次提升至生存这一标准以上的根本途径，故答案为C)。Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
International governments, inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive (主动出击的) approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M & S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.
DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operation by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.
Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart arc not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realisation that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M & S launched its \"Plan A\"
sustainability programme in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over ￡200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated ￡105 million by 2011/12.
When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge \"quick win\" opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.
However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that is will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the \"environment is cost\" mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.
Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environ-mental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020, It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is \"increased efficiency through management and behavioural change\" — in other words, lean and green management.
Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of noon-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing SI.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6% . Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
56. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies? A) They operate in accordance with government policies. B) They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes. C) They are key drivers in their nations' economic growth. D) They are major contributors to environmental problems.
57. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection? A) The goodness of their hearts. B) A strong sense of responsibility. C) The desire to generate profits. D) Pressure from environmentalists.
58. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system? A) They are bent on making quick money. B) They do not have the capital for the investment. C) They believe building such a system is too costly. D) They lack the incentive to change business practices.
59. What is said about the lean and green model of business?
A) It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time. B) It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies. C) It is likely to start a new round of intense competition. D) It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.
60. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals? A) They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility. B) They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues. C) They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology. D) They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
If you asked me to describe the rising philosophy of the day, I'd say it is data-ism. We now have the ability to gather huge amounts of data. This ability seems to carry with it certain cultural assumptions — that everything that can be measured should be measured; that data is a transparent and reliable lens that allows us to filter out emotionalism and ideology; that data will help us do remarkable things — like foretell the future.
Over the next year, I'm hoping to get a better grip on some of the questions raised by the data revolution: In what situations should we rely on intuitive pattern recognition and in which situations should we ignore intuition and follow the data? What kinds of events are predictable using statistical analysis and what sorts of events are not?
I confess I enter this in a skeptical frame of mind, believing that we tend to get carried away in our desire to reduce everything to the quantifiable. But at the outset let me celebrate two things data does really well.
First, it's really good at exposing when our intuitive view of reality is wrong. For example, nearly every person who runs for political office has an intuitive sense that they can powerfully influence their odds of winning the election if they can just raise and spend more money. But this is largely wrong.
After the 2006 election, Sean Trende constructed a graph comparing the incumbent (在任者的) campaign spending advantages with their eventual margins of victory. There was barely any relationship between more spending and a bigger victory.
Likewise, many teachers have an intuitive sense that different students have different learning styles: some are verbal and some visual; some are linear, some are holistic (整体的). Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they tailor their presentations to each student. But there's no evidence to support this either.
Second, data can illuminate patterns of behavior we haven't yet noticed. For example, I've always assumed people who frequently use words like \"I,\" \"me,\" and \"mine\" are probably more self-centered than people who don't. But as lames Pennebaker of the University of Texas notes in his book, The Secret Life of Pronouns, when people are feeling confident, they are focused on the task at hand, not on themselves. High-status, confident people use fewer \"I\" words, not more. Our brains often don't notice subtle verbal patterns, but Pennebaker's computers can. Younger writers use more negative and past-tense words than older writers who use more positive and
future-tense words. In sum, the data revolution is giving us wonderful ways to understand the present and the past. Will it transform our ability to predict and make decisions about the future? We'll see.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What do data-ists assume they can do? A) Transform people's cultural identity. B) Change the way future events unfold.
C) Get a firm grip on the most important issues. D) Eliminate emotional and ideological bias.
62. What do people running for political office think they can do? A) Use data analysis to predict the election result. B) Win the election if they can raise enough funds. C) Manipulate public opinion with favorable data. D) Increase the chances of winning by foul means.
63. Why do many teachers favor the idea of tailoring their presentations to different students? A) They think students prefer flexible teaching methods. B) They will be able to try different approaches. C) They believe students' learning styles vary.
D) They can accommodate students with cet6w.com
64. What does James Pennebaker reveal in The Secret Life of Pronouns? A) The importance of using pronouns properly.
B) Repeated use of first-person pronouns by self-centered people. C) Frequent use of pronouns and future tense by young people. D) A pattern in confident people's use of pronouns.
65. Why is the author skeptical of the data revolution? A) Data may not be easily accessible.
B) Errors may occur with large data samples.
C) Data cannot always do what we imagine it can. D) Some data may turn out to be outdated. 56-65：BCCAB DBCDC
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
It is easy to miss amid the day-to-day headlines of global economic recession, but there is a less conspicuous kind of social upheaval (剧变) underway that is fast altering both the face of the planet and the way human beings live. That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. In 2008, for the first time in human history, more than half the world's population was living in towns
and cities. And as a recently published paper shows, the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come — with an enormous impact on biodiversity and potentially on climate change.
As Karen Seto, the lead author of the paper, points out, that the wave of urbanization isn't just about the migration of people into urban environments, but about the environments themselves becoming bigger to accommodate all those people. The rapid expansion of urban areas will have a huge impact on biodiversity hotspots and on carbon emissions in those urban areas.
Humans are the ultimate invasive species — when they move into new territory, they often displace the wildlife that was already living there. And as land is cleared for those new cities — especially in the dense tropical forests — carbon will be released into the atmosphere as well. It's true that as people in developing nations move from the countryside to the city, the shift may reduce the pressure on land, which could in turn be good for the environment. This is especially so in desperately poor countries, where residents in the countryside slash and bum forests each growing season to clear space for farming. But the real difference is that in developing nations, the move from rural areas to cities often leads to an accompanying increase in income — and that increase leads to an increase in the consumption of food and energy, which in turns causes a rise in carbon emissions. Getting enough to eat and enjoying the safety and comfort of living fully on the grid is certainly a good thing — but it does carry an environmental price.
The urbanization wave can't be stopped — and it shouldn't be. But Seto's paper does underscore the importance of managing that transition. If we do it the right way, we can reduce urbanization's impact on the environment. \"There's an enormous opportunity here, and a lot of pressure and responsibility to think about how we urbanize,\" says Seto. \"One thing that's clear is that we can't build cities the way we have over the last couple of hundred years. The scale of this transition won't allow that.\" We're headed towards an urban planet no matter what, but whether it becomes heaven or hell is up to us.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
56. What issue does the author try to draw people's attention to? A) The shrinking biodiversity worldwide. B) The rapid increase of world population. C) The ongoing global economic recession.
D) The impact of accelerating urbanization.
57. In what sense are humans the ultimate invasive species? A) They are much greedier than other species. B) They are a unique species born to conquer. C) They force other species out of their territories. D) They have an urge to expand their living space.
58. In what way is urbanization in poor countries good for the environment? A) More land will be preserved for wildlife. B) The pressure on farmland will be lessened.
C) Carbon emissions will be considerably reduced.
D) Natural resources will be used more effectively.
59. What does the author say about living comfortably in the city? A) It incurs a high environmental price.
B) It brings poverty and insecurity to an end. C) It causes a big change in people's lifestyle. D) It narrows the gap between city and country.
60. What can be done to minimize the negative impact of urbanization according to Seto? A) Slowing down the speed of transition. B) Innovative use of advanced technology. C) Appropriate management of the process. D) Enhancing people's sense of responsibility.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
When Harvard student Mark Zuckerherg launched the facebook.com in Feb. 2004, even he could not imagine the forces it would let loose. His intent was to connect college students. Facebook, which is what this Web site rapidly evolved into, ended up connecting the world.
To the children of this connected era, the world is one giant social network. They are not bound - as were previous generations of humans - by what they were taught. They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was local. You learned everything you knew from your parents, teachers, preachers, and friends.
With the high-quality and timely information at their fingertips, today's children are rising above the fears and biases of their parents. Adults are also participating in this revolution. India's normally tame middle class is speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. Political leaders are marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes. All of this is being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors set free.
As does every advancing technology, social media has created many new problems. It is commonly? addictive and creates risks for younger users. Social media is used by extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to seek and brainwash recruits. And it exposes us and our friends to disagreeable spying. We may leave our lights on in the house when we are on vacation, but through social media we tell criminals exactly where we are, when we plan to return home, and how to blackmail (敲诈) us.
Governments don't need informers any more. Social media allows government agencies to spy on their own citizens. We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes on Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences, and plans. We post intimate photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organization could actively gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them.
The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. Amazon is trying to predict what we will order. Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media profiles. We need to be aware of the risks and keep working to alleviate the dangers.
Regardless of what social media people use, one thing is certain: we are in a period of accelerating change. The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable than the last. Just as no one could predict what would happen with social media in the last decade, no one can accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am optimistic, however, that a connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What was the purpose of Facebook when it was first created? A) To help students connect with the outside world. B) To bring university students into closer contact. C) To help students learn to live in a connected era. D) To combine the world into an integral whole.
62. What difference does social media make to learning? A) Local knowledge and global knowledge will merge. B) Students will become more curious and ambitious. C) People are able to learn wherever they travel. D) Sources of information are greatly expanded.
63. What is the author's greatest concern with social media technology? A) Individual and organizations may use it for evil purposes. B) Government will find it hard to protect classified information. C) People may disclose their friends' information unintentionally. D) People's attention will be easily distracted from their work in hand.
64. What do businesses use social media for? A) Creating a good corporate image.
B) Conducting large-scale market surveys. C) Anticipating the needs of customs. D) Minimizing possible risks and dangers.
65. What does the author think of social media as a whole? A) It will enable human society to advance at a faster pace. B) It will pose a grave threat to our traditional ways of life. C) It is bound to bring about another information revolution. D) It breaks down the final barriers in human communication. 56-65：DCBAC BDACA
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with In Search of Excellence. The
trend has continued with a succession of experts and would-be experts who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.
The Three Rules is a self-conscious contribution to this type of writing; it even includes a bibliography of \"success studies\". Michael Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy, Deloitte, that is determined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of the success books. They insist that their conclusions are \"measurable and actionable\" — guides to behaviour rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional businesspeople stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed are happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on \"calculating the elements of advantage\" and \"detailed analysis\".
The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 \"exceptional companies\come up at first with nothing. Every hunch (直觉) led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material.
Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and often fast-changing. But exceptional companies approach these tradeoffs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue than by driving down costs.
Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is \"the halo (光环) effect\whereby good performance leads commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything the company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company falters. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large bodies of data over several decades. But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche (缝隙市场) and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
56. What kind of business books are most likely to sell well? A) Books on excellence. B) Guides to management. C) Books on business rules. D) Analyses of market trends.
57. What does the author imply about books on success so far? A) They help businessmen one way or another. B) They are written by well-recognised experts. C) They more or less fall into the same stereotype. D) They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.
58. How does The Three Rules differ from other success books according to the passage? A) It focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen. B) It bases its detailed analysis on large amounts of data. C) It offers practicable advice to businessmen. D) It draws conclusions from vivid examples.
59. What does the passage any contributes to the success of exceptional companies? A) Focus on quality and revenue. B) Management and sales promotion.
C) Lower production costs and competitive prices. D) Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance. 60. What is the author's comment on The Three Rules?
A) It can help to locate profitable niches. B) It has little to offer to businesspeople. C) It is noted for its detailed data analysis. D) It fails to identify the keys to success.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Until recently, the University of Kent prided itself on its friendly image. Not any more. Over the past few months it has been working hard, with the help of media consultants, to play down its cosy reputation in favour of something more academic and serious.
Kent is not alone in considering an image revamp (翻新). Changes to next year's funding regime are forcing universities to justify charging students up to ￡9,000 in fees.
Nowadays universities are putting much more of a focus on their brands and what their value propositions are. While in the past universities have often focused on student social life and attractions of the university town in recruitment campaigns, they are now concentrating on more tangible (实在的) attractions, such as employment prospects, engagement with industry, and lecturer contact hours, making clear exactly what students are going to get for their money. The problem for universities is that if those benefits fail to materialise, students notice. That worries Rob Behrens, who deals with student complaints. \"Universities need to be extremely careful in describing what's going to happen to students,\" he says. \"As competition is going to get greater for attracting gifted students, there is a danger that universities will go the extra mile.\"
One university told prospective engineering students they would be able to design a car and race it at Brands Hatch, which never happened, he says. Others have promised use of sophisticated equipment that turned out to be broken or unavailable. \"If universities spent as much money on handling complaints and appeals appropriately as they spend on marketing, they would do better at keeping students, and in the National Student Survey returns.\" he says.
Ongoing research tracking prospective 2012 students suggests that they are not only becoming more sophisticated in thinking about what they want from a university, but are also spending more time researching evidence to back up institutional claims.
Hence the growing importance of the student survey. From next September, all institutions will also be expected to publish on their websites key information sets, allowing easier comparison between institutions, between promises and reality, and the types of jobs and salaries graduates go on to.
As a result, it is hardly surprising that universities are beginning to change the way they market themselves. While the best form of marketing for institutions is to be good at what they do, they also need to be clear about how they are different from others.
And it is vital that once an institution claims to be particularly good at something, it must live up to it. The moment you position yourself, you become exposed, and if you fail in that you are in trouble.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What was the University of Kent famous for? A) Its comfortable campus life. B) Its up-to-date course offerings. C) Its distinguished teaching staff. D) Its diverse academic programmes.
62. What arc universities trying to do to attract students? A) Improve their learning environment. B) Offer more scholarships to the gifted. C) Upgrade their campus facilities. D) Present a better academic images.
63. What does Rod Behrens suggest universities do in marketing themselves? A) Publicise the achievements of their graduates. B) Go to extra lengths cater to students' needs.
C) Refrain from making promises they cannot honour. D) Survey the expectations of their prospective students.
64. What is students' chief consideration in choosing a university? A) Whether it promises the best job prospects. B) Whether it is able to deliver what they want. C) Whether it ranks high among similar institutions. D) Whether it offers opportunities for practical training.
65. What must universities show to win recruitment campaigns? A) They are positioned to meet the future needs of society. B) They are responsible to students for their growth. C) They are ever ready to improve themselves. D) They are unique one way or another. 56-65：ACBAD AACBD ssage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
\"Deep reading\" - as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web-is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture; the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.
Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading-slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity-is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions Should I click on this link or not? - allowing her to remain fully immersed in the narrative.
That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech; by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy (认同).
None of this is likely to happen when we're browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the M digital natives\" to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.
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56. What does the author say about \"deep reading\"? A) It serves as a complement to online reading. B) It should be preserved before it is too late. C) It is mainly suitable for reading literature. D) It is an indispensable part of education.
57. Wiry does the author advocate the reading of literature? A) It helps promote readers' intellectual and emotional growth. B) It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.
C) It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.
D) It is quickly becoming an endangered practice.
58. In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading? A) It ensures the reader's cognitive growth. B) It enables the reader to be fully engaged. C) It activates a different region of the brain. D) It helps the reader learn rhetorical devices.
59. What do the studies show about online reading? A) It gradually impairs one's eyesight. B) It keeps arousing readers' curiosity. C) It provides up-to-date information. D) It renders reading less enjoyable.
60. What do we learn from the study released by Britain's National Literacy Trust? A) Onscreen readers may be less competent readers. B) Those who do reading in print are less informed. C) Young people find reading onscreen more enjoyable. D) It is now easier to find a favorite book online to read.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Many current discussions of immigration issues talk about immigrants in general, as if they were abstract people in an abstract world. But the concrete differences between immigrants from different countries affect whether their coming here is good or bad for the American people.
The very thought of formulating immigration laws from the standpoint of what is best for the American people seems to have been forgotten by many who focus on how to solve the problems of illegal immigration.
It is hard to look for \"the ideal outcome\" on immigration in the abstract. Economics professor Milton Friedman once said, \"The best is the enemy of the good,\" which to me meant that attempts to achieve an unattainable ideal can prevent us from reaching good outcomes that are possible in practice.
Too much of our current immigration controversy is conducted in terms of abstract ideals, such as \"We are a nation of immigrants.\" Of course we are a nation of immigrants. But we are also a nation of people who wear shoes. Does it follow that we should admit anybody who wears shoes? The immigrants of today are very different from those who arrived here a hundred years ago. Moreover, the society in which they arrive is different. To me, it is better to build a wall around the welfare state than the country.
But the welfare state is already here-and, far from having a wall built around it, the welfare state is expanding in all directions. We do not have a choice between the welfare state and open borders. Anything we try to do as regards immigration laws has to be done in the context of a huge welfare state that is already a major, inescapable fact of life.
Among other facts of life utterly ignored by many advocates of de facto amnesty (事实上的大赦) is that the free international movement of people is different from free international trade in goods. Buying cars or cameras from other countries is not the same as admitting people from those countries or any other countries. Unlike inanimate objects, people have cultures and not all cultures are compatible with the culture in this country that has produced such benefits for the American people for so long.
Not only the United States, but the Western world in general, has been discovering the hard way that admitting people with incompatible cultures is an irreversible decision with incalculable consequences. If we do not see that after recent terrorist attacks on the streets of Boston and London, when will we see it?
\"Comprehensive immigration reform\" means doing everything all together in a rush, without time to look before we leap, and basing ourselves on abstract notions about abstract people.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What does the author say about immigrants in America? A) They all hope to gain citizenship and enjoy the welfare.
B) They come to America with different dreams and purposes.
C) Their background may determine whether they benefit the American people. D) Their cultures affect the extent to which they will achieve success in America.
62. What does the author try to say by citing Milton Friedman's remark?
A) It is hardly practical to find an ideal solution to America's immigration problem. B) Ideal outcomes could be produced only by comprehensive immigration reform. C) As for immigration, good results cannot be achieved without good intentions. D) The proper solution of immigration issues is an ideal of the American public.
63. What is the author's view regarding America's immigration policy?
A) America should open its borders to immigrants from different countries. B) Immigrants have contributed greatly to the welfare of American people. C) Unrestricted immigration will undermine the American welfare state. D) There is no point building a wall around the American welfare state.
64. What is the author's purpose in citing the recent terrorist attacks on the streets of Boston and London?
A) To show that America should join hands with Europe in fighting terrorists.
B) To prove that it is high time America made comprehensive immigration reforms.
C) To prove that terrorism is the most dangerous threat to America and the world ill general. D) To show that immigrants' cultural incompatibility with the host country has consequences.
65. What is the author's attitude towards \"comprehensive immigration reform\"? A) Supportive. B) Negative. C) Wait-and-see. D) Indifferent. 56-65：BABDA CACDB
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that tech is improving and not hindering our mental processes. One of the big questions being debated today is: What kind of information do we need to have stored in our heads, and what kind can we leave \"in the cloud,\" to be accessed as necessary? An increasingly powerful group within education are championing \"digital literacy\". In their view, skills beat, knowledge, developing \"digital literacy\" is more important than learning mere content, and all facts are now Google-able and therefore unworthy of committing to memory. But even the most sophisticated digital literacy skills won't help students and workers navigate the world if they don't have a broad base of knowledge about how the world actually operates. If you focus on the delivery mechanism and not the content, you're doing kids a disservice.
Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. Data from the last thirty years leads to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that's true not only because you need something to think about. The very processes that teachers care about most-critical thinking processes-are intimately intertwined (交织) with factual knowledge that is stored in long-term memory.
In order words, just because you can Google the date of Black Tuesday doesn't mean you understand why the Great Depression happened or how it compares to our recent economic slump. There is no doubt that the students of today, and the workers of tomorrow, will need to innovate, collaborate and evaluate. But such skills can't be separated from the knowledge that gives rise to them. To innovate, you have to know what, came before. To collaborate, you have to contribute knowledge to the joint venture. And to evaluate, you have to compare new information against knowledge you've already mastered.
So here's a principle for thinking in a digital world, in two parts. First, acquire a base of factual knowledge in any domain in which you want to perform well. This base supplies the essential foundation for building skills, and it can't be outsourced (外包) to a search engine.
Second, take advantage of computers' invariable memory, but also the brain's elaborative memory. Computers are great when you want to store information that shouldn't change. But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change, in interesting and useful ways: to connect up with other facts and ideas, to acquire successive layers of meaning, to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience and so produce a richer mental brew.
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56. What is the author's concern about the use of technology? A) It may leave knowledge 14 in the cloud\". B) It may misguide our everyday behavior. C) It may cause a divide in the circles of education. D) It may hinder the development of thinking skills.
57. What is the view of educators who advocate digital literacy? A) It helps kids to navigate the virtual world at will.
B) It helps kids to broaden their scope of knowledge. C) It increase kids' efficiency of acquiring knowledge. D) It liberates kids from the burden of memorizing facts.
58. What does evidence from cognitive science show? A) Knowledge is better kept in long-term memory. B) Critical thinking is based on factunal knowledge. C) Study skills are essential to knowledge acquisition. D) Critical thinking means challenging existing facts.
59. What does the author think is key to making evaluations? A) Gathering enough evidence before drawing conclusions. B) Mastering the basic rules and principles for evaluation.
C) Connecting new information with one's accumulated knowledge. D) Understanding both what has happened and why it has happened.
60. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A) To warn against learning through memorizing facts. B) To promote educational reform in the information age. C) To explain human brains' function in storing information. D) To challenge the prevailing overemphasis on digital literacy.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
America's recent history has been a persistent tilt to the West-of people, ideas, commerce and even political power. California and Texas are the twin poles of the West, but very different ones. For most of the 20th century the home of Silicon Valley and Hollywood has been the brainier and trendier of the two. Texas has trailed behind: its stereotype has been a conservative Christian in cowboy boots. But twins can change places. Is that happening now?
It is easy to find evidence that California is in a panic. At the start of this month the once golden state started paying creditors in IOUs (欠条). The gap between projected outgoings and income for the current fiscal (财政的) year has leapt to a horrible $26 billion. With no sign of a new budget to close this gulf, one credit agency has already downgraded California's debt. As budgets are cut, universities will let in fewer students, prisoners will be released early and schemes to protect the vulnerable will be rolled back.
By contrast, Texas has coped well with the recession, with an unemployment rate two points below the national average and one of the lowest rates of housing repossession, hi part this is because Texan banks, hard hit in the last property bust, did not overexpand this time. Texas also clearly offers a different model, based on small government. It has no state capital-gains or income tax, and a business-friendly and immigrant-tolerant attitude. It is home to more Fortune 500 companies than any other state.
Despite all tins, it still seems too early to hand over America's future to Texas. To begin with, that lean Texan model has its own problems. It has not invested enough in education. and many experts
rightly worry about a \" lost generation\" of mostly Hispanic Texans with insufficient skills for the demands of the knowledge economy.
Second, it has never paid to bet against a state with as many inventive people as California. Even if Hollywood has gone into depression, it still boasts an unequalled array of sunrise industries and the most brisk venture-capital industry on the planet. The state also has an awesome ability to reinvent itself-as it did when its defence industry collapsed at the end of the cold war.
The truth is that both states could learn from each other. Texas still lacks California's great universities and lags in terms of culture. California could adopt not just Texas's leaner state, but also its more bipartisan (两党的) approach to politics. There is no perfect model of government: it is America's genius to have 50 public-policy laboratories competing to find out what works best.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What does the author say about California and Texas in Paragraph 1? A) They have been competing for the leading position. B) California has been superior to Texas in many ways. C) They are both models of development for other states. D) Texas's cowboy culture is less known than California's.
62. What does the author say about today's California? A) Its debts are pushing it into bankruptcy. B) Its budgets have been cut by $26 billion. C) It is faced with a serious financial crisis. D) It is trying hard to protect the vulnerable.
63. In what way is Texas different from California? A) It practices small government. B) It is home to traditional industries. C) It has a large Hispanic population. D) It has an enviable welfare system.
64. What problem is Texas confronted with?
A) Its Hispanic population is mostly illiterate. B) Its sunrise industries are shrinking rapidly.
C) Its education cannot meet the needs of the knowledge economy. D) Its immigrants have a hard time adapting to its cowboy culture.
65. What do we learn about American politics from the passage? A) Each state has its own way of governing. B) Most states favor a bipartisan approach. C) Parties collaborate in drawing public policies. D) All states believe in government, for the people. 56-65：DDBCD BCACA
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, U. S. government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have
__36__ such as tax-free interest. Some may even be __37__. Corporate bonds are a bit more risky. Two questions often __38__ first-time corporate bond investors. The first is \"It 1 purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?\" The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on __39__ securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you're not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond. For example, if your bond does not have __40__ that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a __41__, i.e., a price less than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally __42__ inversely (相反的) with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然) Thus, like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk.
The second question is \"How can I __43__ the investment risk of a particular bond issue?\"
Standard & Poor's and Moody's Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And __44__, the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investors will invest in a bond considered risky only if the __45__ return is high enough.
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A) advantages B) assess C) bother D) conserved
E) deduction F) discount G) embarrass H) features
I) fluctuate
J) indefinite K) insured L) major M) naturally
N) potential O) simultaneously Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is
marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Lessons from a Feminist Paradise
A) On the surface, Sweden appears to be a feminist, paradise. Look at any global survey of gender equality and Sweden will be near the top. Family-friendly policies are its norm-with 16 months of paid parental leave, special protections for part-time workers, and state-subsidized preschools where, according to a government website, \"gender-awareness education is increasingly common. \" Due to an unofficial quota system, women hold 45 percent of positions in the Swedish
parliament. They have enjoyed the protection of government agencies with titles like the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality and the Secretariat of Gender Research. So why are American women so far ahead of their Swedish counterparts in breaking through the glass ceiling? B) In a 2012 report, the World Economic Forum found that when it comes to closing the gender gap in \"economic participation and opportunity,\" the United States is ahead of not only Sweden but also Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Sweden's rank in the report can largely be explained by its political quota system. Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce (68 percent compared to Sweden's 77 percent), American women who choose to be employed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or professionals. They also own more businesses. launch more start-ups (新创办的企业) , and more often work in traditionally male fields. As for breaking through the glass ceiling in business, American women are well in the lead.
C) What explains the American advantage? How can it be that societies like Sweden, where gender equality is vigorously pursued and enforced, have fewer female managers, executives, professionals, and business owners than the laissez-faire (自由放任的) United States? A new study by Cornell economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn gives an explanation.
D) Generous parental leave policies and readily available part-time options have unintended consequences: instead of strengthening women's attachment to the workplace, they appear to weaken it. In addition to a 16-month leave, a Swedish parent has the right to work six hours a day (for a reduced salary) until his or her child is eight years old. Mothers are far more likely than fathers to take advantage of this law. But extended leaves and part-time employment are known to be harmful to careers-for both genders. And with women a second factor comes into play, most seem to enjoy the flexible-time arrangement (once known as the \"mommy track\") and never find their way back to full-time or high-level employment. In sum: generous family-friendly policies do keep more women in the labor market, but they also tend to diminish their careers.
E) According to Blau and Kahn, Swedish-style paternal (父亲的) leave policies and flexible-time arrangements pose a second threat to women's progress: they make employers cautious about hiring women for full-time positions at all. Offering a job to a man is the safer bet. He is far less likely to take a year of parental leave and then return on a reduced work schedule for the next
eight years.
F) I became aware of the trials of career-focused European women a few years ago when I met a post-doctoral student from Germany who was then a visiting fellow at Johns Hopkins. She was astonished by the professional possibilities afforded to young American women. Her best hope in Germany was a government job-prospects for woment in the private sector were dim. \"In Germany,\" she told me, \"we have all the benefits, but employers don't want to hire us.\" G) Swedish economists Magnus Henrekson arid Mikael Stenkula addressed the following question in their 2009 study: why are there so few female top executives in the European
egalitarian (平等主义的) welfare states? Their answer; \"Broad-based welfare-state policies hinder women's representation in elite competitive positions.\"
H) It is tempting to declare the Swedish policies regiessive (退步的) and hail the American system as superior. But that would be shortsighted. The Swedes can certainly take a lesson from the United States and look for ways to clear a path for their ambitious female careerists. But most women are not committed careerists. Wren the Pew Research Center recently asked American parents to identify their \"ideal\" life arrangement, 47 percent of mothers said they would prefer to work part-time and 20 percent said they would prefer not to work at all. Fathers answered differently: 75 percent preferred full-time work. Some version of the Swedish system might work well for a majority of American parents, but the United States is unlikely to fully embrace the Swedish model. Still, we can learn from their experience.
I) Despite its failure to shatter the glass ceiling, Sweden has one of the most powerful and innovative economies in the world. In its 2011-2012 survey, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the world's third mast competitive economy; the United States came in fifth. Sweden, dubbed the \"rockstar of the recovery\" in the Washington Post, also leads the world in life
satisfaction and happiness. It is a society well worth studying, and its efforts to conquer the gender gap impart a vital lesson-though not the lesson the Swedes had in mind.
J) Sweden has gone farther than any other nation on earth to integrate the sexes and to offer women the same opportunities and freedoms as men. For decades, these descendants of the Vikings have been trying to show the world that the right mix of enlightened policy,
consciousness raising, and non-sexist child rearing would close the gender divide once and for all. Yet the divide persists.
K) A 2012 press release from Statistics Sweden bears the title \"Gender Equality in Sweden Treading (踩) Water\" and notes:
The total income from employment for all ages is lower for women than for men. One in three employed women and one in ten employed men work part-time.
Women's working time is influenced by the number and age of their children, but men's working time is not affected by these factors.
Of all employees, only 13 percent of the women and 12 percent of the men have occupations with an even distribution of the sexes.
L) Confronted with 'such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate (被吸引) toward gendered play. When it came to light last year that mothers, far more than fathers, chose to stay home from work to care for their sick kids, Ulf Kristersson, minister of social security, quickly commissioned a study to determine the causes of and possible cures for this disturbing
state of affairs.
M) Swedish family policies, by accommodating women's preferences effectively, are reducing the number of women in elite competitive positions. The Swedes will find this paradoxical and try to find solutions. Let us hope these do not include banning gender pronouns, policing children's play, implementing more gender quotas, or treating women's special attachment to home and family as a social injustice. Most mothers do not aspire to (向往) elite, competitive full-time positions: the Swedish policies have given them the freedom and opportunity to live the lives they prefer. Americans should look past the gender rhetoric and consider what these Scandinavians have achieved. On their way to creating a feminist paradise, the Swedes have unintentionally created a haven (避风港) for normal mortals.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
46. Sweden has done more than other nations to close the gender gap, but. it continues to exist. 47. Sweden is one of the most competitive economies in the world and its people enjoy the greatest life satisfaction.
48. More American women hold elite job positions in business than Swedish women. 49. Swedish family-friendly policies tend to exert a negative influence on women's careers. 50. The quota system in Sweden ensures women's better representation in government. 51. Though the Swedish model appears workable for most American parents, it may not be accepted by them in its entirety.
52. Swedish women are allowed the freedom and opportunity to choose their own way of life. 53. Swedish employers are hesitant about hiring women for full-time positions because of the family-friendly policies.
54. Gender-awareness education is becoming more and more popular in state-subsidized preschools in Sweden.
55. Some lawmakers in Sweden propose that genderless pronouns be used in the Swedish language. Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Texting has long been bemoaned (哀叹) as the downfall 01 the written word, \"penmanship for illiterates,\" as one critic called it. To which the proper response is LOL. Texting properly isn't, writing at all. It's a \"spoken\" language that is getting richer and more complex by the year. First, some historical perspective. Writing was only invented 5,500 years ago, whereas language probably traces back at least 80,000 years. Thus talking came first; writing is just a craft that came along later. As such, the first writing was based on the way people talk, with short sentences. However, while talking is largely subconscious and rapid, writing is deliberate and slow. Over
time, writers took advantage of this and started crafting long-winded sentences such as this one: \"The whole engagement lasted above 12 hours, till the gradual retreat of the Persians was changed into a disorderly flight, of which the shameful example was given by the principal leaders and...\" No one talks like that casually-or should. But it is natural to desire to do so for special occasions. In the old days, we didn't much write like talking because there was no mechanism to reproduce the speed of conversation. But texting and instant messaging do-and a revolution has begun. It involves the crude mechanics of writing, but in its economy, spontaneity and even vulgarity, texting is actually a new kind of talking, with its own kind of grammar and conventions. Take LOL. It doesn't actually mean \"laughing out loud\" in a literal sense anymore. LOL has
evolved into something much subtler and sophisticated and is used even when nothing is remotely amusing. Jocelyn texts \"Where have you been?\" and Annabelle texts back \"LOL at the library studying for two hours.\" LOL signals basic empathy (同感) between texters, easing tension and creating a sense of equality. Instead of having a literal meaning, it does something-conveying an attitude-just like theed ending conveys past tense rather than \"meaning\" anything. LOL, of all things, is grammar.
Of course no one thinks about, that consciously. But then most of communication operates without being noticed. Over time, the meaning of a word or an expression drifts-meat used to mean any kind of food, silly used to mean, believe it or not, blessed.
Civilization, then, is fine-people banging away on their smartphones are fluently using a code separate from the one they use in actual writing, and there is no evidence that texting is ruining composition skills. Worldwide people speak differently from the way they write, and texting-quick, casual and only intended to be read once-is actually a way of talking with your fingers.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
56. What do critics say about texting? A) It is mainly confined to youngsters. B) It competes with traditional writing. C) It will ruin the written language. D) It is often hard to understand.
57. In what way does the author say writing is different from talking? A) It is crafted with specific skills. B) It expresses ideas more accurately. C) It does not have as long a history. D) It is not as easy to comprehend.
58. Why is LOL much used in texting? A) It brings texters closer to each other. B) It shows the texter's sophistication. C) It is a trendy way to communicate. D) It adds to the humor of the text.
59. Examples like meat and silly are cited to show ______. A) the difference between writing and talking B) how differently words are used in texting C) why people use the words the way they do D) the gradual change of word meaning
60. What does the author think of texting? A) It facilitates exchange of ideas among people. B) It is a new form of verbal communication. C) It deteriorates people's composition skills. D) It hastens the decline of the written word. Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
It's possible to admire Oprah Winfrey and still wish Harvard hadn't awarded her an honorary doctor of law degree and the commencement (毕业典礼) speaker spot at yesterday's graduation. There's no question Oprah's achievements place her in the temple of American success stories. Talent, charm, and an exceptional work ethic have rarely hurled anyone as far as they have this former abused teenage mother from rural Mississippi who became one of the world's most successful entertainment icons and the first African-American female billionaire.
Honorary degrees are often conferred on non-academic leaders in the arts, business, and politics. Harvard's list in recent years has included Kofi Annan, Bill Gates, Meryl Streep, and David Souter. But Oprah's particular brand of celebrity is not a good fit for the values of a university whose motto (座右铭), Veritas, means truth. Oprah's passionate advocacy extends, unfortunately, to a hearty embrace of fake science. Most notoriously, Oprah's validation of Jenny McCarthy's claim that vaccines cause autism (自闭症) has no doubt contributed to much harm through the foolish avoidance of vaccines.
Famous people are entitled to a few failings, like the rest of us, and the choice of commencement speakers often reflects a balance of institutional priorities and aspirations. Judging from our conversations with many students, Oprah was a widely popular choice.
But this vote of confidence in Oprah sends a troubling message at precisely the time when
American universities need to do more to advance the cause of reason. As former Dean of Harvard College, Harry Lewis, noted in a blog post about his objections, \"It seems very odd for Harvard to honor such a high profile popularizer of the irrational...at a time when political and religious nonsense so jeopardize the rule of reason in this allegedly enlightened democracy and around the world.\"
As America's oldest and most visible university, Harvard has a special opportunity to convey its respect for science not only through its research and teaching programs but also in its public affirmation of evidence-based inquiry.
Unfortunately, many American universities seem awfully busy protecting their brand name and not nearly busy enough protecting the pursuit of knowledge. A recent article in The Harvard Crimson noted the shocking growth of Harvard's public relations arm in the last five years and it questioned whether a focus on risk management and avoiding controversy was really the best
outward-looking face of this great institution.
As American research universities begin to resemble profit centers and entertainment complexes, it's easy to lose sight of their primary mission: to produce and spread knowledge. This mission depends on traditions of rational discourse and vigorous defense of the scientific method. Oprah Winfrey's honorary doctorate was a step in the wrong direction.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What do we learn about Oprah Winfrey from the passage? A) She was a distinguished graduate of Harvard School of Law. B) She worked her way to success in the entertainment industry. C) She used to abuse her children when she was a young mother. D) She achieved her fame through persistent advocacy of fake science.
62. Wiry does the author deem it inappropriate for Harvard to confer air honorary degree on Oprah Winfrey?
A) She did not specialize in the study of law. B) She was known as s supporter of lake science. C) She was an icon of the entertainment industry. D) She had not distinguished herself academically.
63. How did Harry Lewis react to Harvard's decision in his blog post? A) He was strongly against it. B) He considered it unpopular.
C) He thought it would help enhance Harvard's reputation.
D) He thought it represented the will of the Harvard community.
64. What is the author's regret about many American universities? A) They show inadequate respect for evidence-based inquiry. B) They fall short of expectations in teaching and research. C) They attach too much importance to public relations. D) They are tolerant of political and religious nonsense.
65. What does the author think a prestigious university like Harvard should focus on? A) Cultivation of student creativity. B) Defense of the scientific method. C) Liberation of the human mind. D) Pursuit of knowledge and truth. 56-65：CAADB BBACD
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