英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech
英语演讲中的修辞手法
Foreword A speech is not only a simple formal talk but a kind of encouraging language with artic charm by using all kinds of lingual skills. Speech is a unique style. It expresses thoughts, feelings, and ideas orally to audience through a series of well-organized, well-prepared words or sentences with the aim of evoking some feelings of the listeners. Therefore, to make a successful speech, one ought to use formal, vivid languages as well as many figures of speech. The success of a speech is often attributed to the skill of the orator, with merit being given to orators who are confident, articulate, knowledgeable and able to deliver a speech with conviction.
Persuading an audience to take action involves more than a speaker sharing what he knows about a topic. Speeches are intended to get listeners to accept a particular point of view, and then motivate them into action. The challenge in writing this kind of speech is in delivering a message that will win others over in sharing the same principles as the speaker. You must use words in such a way as to convince listeners that the speaker's opinion is reliable. The art of giving a persuasive speech is as much about using language effectively as it is about communicating a convincing argument.
Obviously, one of the major factors to be a good or a bad speech is whether the use of rhetoric is appropriate or not. It can be found that the use of rhetoric plays a very important role in content. The definition of rhetoric is applying many language materials and various expressive devices to manifest the orator’s purpose appropriately. Without
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
the use of rhetoric, absolutely, there is no good content. Therefore, it is necessary to make an analysis and study on this subject.
The whole thesis is concerned about the use of rhetoric in English speech, and the thesis is divided into three parts. The first part talks about the definition and function of speech. The second part illustrates the definition and function of rhetoric. The third part makes a carefully study on the use of main rhetorical devices in English speech, such as, simile, metaphor, parallelism, alliteration and repetition, antithesis , rhetorical question and so on.
1．Speech
1.1 The Definition of Speech
One of the definitions of speech which is a formal talk that a person gives to the audiences, to express his/her views or emotions on a specific issue, or to conduct propaganda activities so as to achieve inspiring the audience and promote its action as a information-sharing activities. The benefit of a speech is obvious —mass communication. Orators want to engage audience's attention, convey their ideas in a logical manner and use reliable evidence to support their point.
Speech can be made in a small event as a marriage or a little party as president of a country make it to be closer his people. The opportunity arises in everybody's life to give a speech. In its simplest form, a speech is a retelling of events. It can be overwhelming to an introverted individual to think about giving a speech, so knowing the four types of speeches and their purposes can help alleviate some of the pressure. An inspirational
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
speech inspires, an informative speech informs, a persuasive speech persuades and special occasion speeches vary, but only due to the special occasion.
1.2 The Function of Speech
\"Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.\" This is part of a two-minute speech given by Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg. He knew that speeches were more than just a bunch of words. Some believe that the power of life and death are in the tongue. This speech was powerful.
The purpose of making a speech can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them. Making a speech can also be considered a discourse community. Interpersonal communication and speeches have several
components
that
embrace
such
things
as
motivational
speaking,
leadership/personal development, business, customer service, large group communication, and mass communication. Speeches can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, or translation.
All kinds of speech have one common aim: to convince people to take a form of action. Therefore, they are called speeches of action, and the best way to accomplish that is through motivation.
Another purpose to be accomplished through speech is to reinforce listeners’ existing attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, opinions, or values. You would simply reiterate a few
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
powerful arguments to reassure our listeners and strengthen their position. Contents
ABSTRACT I
摘 要 II
Foreword 1
1．Speech..2
1.1 The Definition of Speech….2
1.2 The Function of Speech……2
2．Rhetoric.3
2.1 The Definition of Rhetoric 3
2.2 The Function of Rhetoric….4
3. An Analysis of Rhetoric in English Speec4
3.1 Simile 4
3.2 Metaphor 6
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
3.3 Parallelism 7
3.4 Repetition 9
3.5 Alliteration 11
3.6 Antithesis 12
3.7 Rhetorical question 14
4．Conclusion 15
Bibliography 16
Acknowledgements 1527
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第2页
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第2页
英语演讲中的修辞手法
摘 要
演讲，是在听众面前就某一问题表达发表自己的见解,抒发情感，或进行宣传鼓动从而达到感召听众并促使其行动的一种信息交流活动的正式演说。
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
修辞是一种重要的语言表达手段，是用简单具体且充满想象的方法将抽象复杂的思想或进程阐释出来，能够促进情感的传递和思想的表达。
修辞存在于各种文体之中，尤其在演讲中起着极为重要的作用，是影响英语演讲成败的关键。论文从分析演讲及修辞的定义和功能出发，认真研究了主要修辞手段在英语演讲中的作用，包括明喻、暗喻、排比、头韵、重复、对偶和设问等修辞手段，旨在更好地欣赏演讲，并学习一些演讲中的语言技巧，从而对演讲进一步理解。关键词：英语演讲 ; 修辞 ; 功能
ABSTRACT Speech, a formal talk that a person presents to the audiences, to express his/her views or emotions on a specific issue, or to conduct propaganda activities so as to achieve inspiring the audience and promote its action as a information-sharing activities.
Rhetoric is one kind of important expressive device in language. It refers to interpreting abstract and complex ideas or processes through simple and concrete methods. Since rhetoric is full of imagination, it can promote the transmission and communication of emotions and ideas.
Rhetoric exists in writings with various styles, especially, in speech. Rhetoric plays a very important role in English speech, acting as a key element for the success of a speech. The thesis, based on the respective studies of the definition of speech and rhetoric, makes a careful analysis of the use of main rhetorical devices in English speech, including simile, metaphor, parallelism, alliteration, repetition, antithesis, rhetorical question and so on, targeting at better appreciating English speech, and learn more about the language skills in speech, so as to promote the further understanding of speech.Key Words：English speech; rhetoric; function
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
A third purpose of making a speech is to convince people to change their attitude toward a particular subject. In your speech, try to capture their goodwill immediately. You would follow with some strong arguments for your position and elaborate on them. Then you might introduce statistics and other evidence accompanied by visual aids as you discuss your argument.
Anyone who goes to church understands the effects that speeches are capable of producing. Sermons are always given to change, or reinforce, personal lifestyle. When a man is ready to propose, he writes and rehearses the words he chooses to win the heart of a woman. People of high social status use speeches to influence others. Words are the most powerful medium on this planet and can crush or heal self-esteem. A single phrase can mean different things by adding elements like raised or lowered pitch and volume, or by emphasizing different words in the phrase. All of these are important aspects to giving a speech.
2．Rhetoric
2.1 The Definition of Rhetoric
What is rhetoric? There have been many studies from scholars as the human civilization reaches this advanced and highly – developed society. Rhetoric originated in speaking. Aristotle, in the 4th Century BC, first defined rhetoric is rhetoric as the art of persuasion. He said, “Rhetoric is the counterpart of the dialects.” In Athens, the centre of western civilization, great orators, by exercising their rhetoric, gained following and support, and eventually, political power. John Locke, English philosopher of the late 17th
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory,” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force.” This explains why the word “rhetoric” refers to “speaking” in many European languages, such as Greek, Latin, French, etc.
In present day, the meaning of rhetoric has been extended. Rhetoric assumes the following characteristics, that is, the elaborated and exaggerated language, the art of using language effectively and persuasively, the skills of using language effectively, the structure of verbal communication.
No matter for speaking or writing, rhetoric emphasizes its importance in the effective communication. American linguists Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn therefore wrote in their Modern Rhetoric, “Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively.” In the dictionary Oxford Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (6th edition) the definition for rhetoric is “the skill of using language in speech or writing in a special way that influences or entertains people.” Rhetoric is an art to use language effectively with special aims.
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第3页
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第3页
2.2 The Function of Rhetoric
Rhetorical devices are variations of literal or ordinary forms of expressions. Their function is to make the thought more striking and effective. A fresh and suitable rhetorical device appeals to the imagination, creates mental pictures and makes the speech or
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
writing vivid, impressive and interesting.
Rhetorical devices can make language more vivid by using the simple words to express complex meanings. By the use of rhetoric, even abstract ideas can become concrete. Rhetoric can make the modified subjects more prominent, distinctive, and specific. By the use of rhetoric, the language can give people more space to imagine. Whereas, without the use of rhetoric, the language is boring and there is no vigor in the language.
For example: Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud.
In the sentence, the writer used a kind of rhetorical devices—simile. Simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike subjects are compared. Simile often signals itself by “like” or “as”. By using simile, it helps the writer to better communicate with his readers. It is easy for the readers to understand and remember the sentence.
3． An Analysis of Rhetoric in English Speech
Speech can arouse people’s attention and profound feeling to take action. Languages should be used properly in specific situations and occasions. Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Hence, it is quite necessary for us to learn rhetoric, which serves as a helper to us in writing and speaking different kinds of styles. Through learning rhetoric, we may be in a position to express ourselves more eloquently and properly.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
Several kinds of rhetorical devices are frequently used in speech, and it is necessary to study them one by one by giving definitions and making illustrations.
3.1 Simile
A simile is a direct comparison between two objects or attributes that, although essentially different, do have some similarity. These direct comparisons are easy to identify, as they use words such as \"like\" or \"as\" to denote the comparison being made. The simile helps to create the clear image, much easier for the others to accept.
A simile is made up of four parts: “the tenor”, “the vehicle”, “the comparing word” and “the ground”. “The tenor” is the subject of simile. “The vehicle” is the thing compared to or the part transported. “The comparing word” is the simile marker such as, “like, as, than, as if, similar to.” “The ground” is the common properties owned by “the tenor” and “the vehicle”.
For example:
“No, no, we are not satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.”
This sentence is from Martin Luther King's “I have a dream” speech, It can be found that, in this sentence, “justice”, “righteousness” are “the tenor” and “waters” , “a mighty stream” are “the vehicle”. The word “like” signals this sentence makes use of the rhetoric device—simile. Thus by using simile, this sentence makes this two words--“justice” and “righteousness” more vivid and lively. It means that we will not
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
quit until justice is as plentiful as water and is raining on all of us and the force of its power to enforce equality and fairness is as powerful and inevitable as the force of a large river. This simile is effective because it communicates not only the extent of his hope but also the passion he has for the fulfillment of his expectations to become a powerful force that will not be stopped.
Another example:
“America is not like a blanket -- one piece of unbroken cloth, the same color, the same texture, the same size. America is more like a quilt: many patches, many pieces, many colors, many sizes, all woven and held together by a common thread.”
This sentence is from Jesse Jackson's 1984 Democratic National Convention Address. In this address, “the tenor” is “America”, “the vehicle” are “blanket” and quilt. The word “like” is the simile marker in this sentence.
More examples,
①“It hates Israel because of the West -- because it sees Israel as an outpost of freedom and democracy that prevents them from overrunning the Middle East.” (Binyamin Netanyahu, Speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee)
②“I look forward to hearing the truth, exactly where they are. They could still be there. They could be hidden, like the 50 tons of mustard gas in a turkey farm.”(George W. Bush, Prime Time Press Conference on Iraq War)
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
③“The very many times own body occupies as if in a stage, the criticism and the opposition sit under looked I perform, they meet do not stop throw the tomato and the egg to me But this time I was only thinking how develops own role.” (Clinton)
④“The Chinese held that “one should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers” and called for drawing upon the strength of others.”(Chinese President Hu Jintao's Remarks at Yale)
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第4页
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第4页
⑤“These great national problems are not for your professional participation or military solution. Your guidepost stands out like a ten-fold beacon in the night: Duty, Honor, Country.”( General Douglas MacArthur, Sylvanus Thayer Award Acceptance Address)⑥“Those two things the Almighty said to be necessary -- I should say He knew to be necessary, or else He would not have so prescribed that the property would be kept among the general run of the people and that everyone would continue to share in it; so that no one man would get half of it and hand it down to a son, who takes half of what was left, and that son hand it down to another one, who would take half of what was left, until, like a snowball going downhill, all of the snow was off of the ground except what the snowball had.”(Huey P. Long, Every Man a King -- Radio Speech to the Nation)
⑦“Indians, Chinamen, Filipinos, Japanese and representatives of any other dark race can find hotel accommodations, if they can pay for them. The colored man alone is thrust out of the hotels of the national capital like a leper.”(Mary Church Terrell, What It Means
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
to be Colored in Capital of the U.S.)
3.2 Metaphor
Metaphor can also transfer qualities from one thing to another. There is a formal difference between metaphor and simile, however, in metaphor the word like or as do not appear. A metaphor, like a simile, also has a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. This means the words \"like\" or \"as\" are omitted. For instance, \"You are like the sun\" is a simile, but \"You are my sunshine\" is a metaphor.
Metaphor is not explicitly signaled, so they are more difficult to identify. In metaphor, one thing is directly compared to another thing, without the marker—“like” or “as”. Thus the relationship between them is implied in other words is unstated. The use of metaphor in rhetoric is primarily to convey to the audience a new idea or meaning by linking it to an existing idea or meaning with which the audience is already familiar. By making the new appear to be linked to or a type of the old and familiar, the person using the metaphor hopes to help the audience understand the new.
The following is a good example:
Franklin Roosevelt used this technique in his 1933 inaugural address when he stated that, to cite one example, \"the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side.\"
One would not immediately compare factories with a forest; but by doing so, Roosevelt suggests to his audience that the bleak autumn of the Great Depression would
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
eventually turn back into spring. By using metaphor, the image is more vivid.
Another example of metaphor is this passage attributed to a speech by Abraham Lincoln about a political adversary in which Lincoln said that his adversary had \"dived down deeper into the sea of knowledge and come up drier than any other man he knew\".
This attributed quote uses a body of water as a metaphor for a body of knowledge with the ironical idea of someone who gained so little from his education that he achieved the impossible of jumping into a body of water and climbing back out without getting wet.
More examples,
①“With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.” (Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream)
In this sentence, King used “the mountain of despair” as a metaphor for the system of apartheid, “a stone of hope” for the racial equality society, the “the jangling discords” for racists’ advocacy for white people, and “a beautiful symphony of brotherhood” for the peace propaganda toward Washington. Through using metaphor, his speech, was deeply inspired the audience.
②“And, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor — not a new balance of power, but a new world of law — where the strong are just, and the weak secure, and the peace preserved.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
(John Kennedy, Inaugural Address)
Kennedy used “a beachhead of cooperation” as a metaphor for the peaceful contact and negotiation between America and The Soviet union at that time, “the jungle of suspicion” for the distrust of both sides. The image of metaphor tactfully struck a chord with his audiences.
3.3 Parallelism
Parallelism structure is the most commonly used in English speech is an important rhetorical tool, it’s a common rhetorical devices which grammatical structure symmetry (including the same or similar word, phrase or word) to highlight the significance.
Parallelism is syntactic over-regularity. It means exact repetition in equivalent positions. It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are ‘parallel’ with respect to their position in the pattern”.
To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal. In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word (noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc) phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence and so forth. The use of parallelism can make a speech with the appeal and enhance language potential to improve expressive effect.
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第5页
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第5页
It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp. In speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker, thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience. We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King’s speech. In Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech, he uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas. Here are few examples:
① “One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.”
In this sentence, there are two parallel noun phrases-- “the manacles of segregation” and “the chains of discrimination”.
②“We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: ‘For Whites Only’”.
In this sentence, there are two parallel verb phrases—“stripped of” and “robbed of”.
③“With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day”.
There are five parallel infinitive phrases in this sentence.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
④“The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.”
There are two parallel objective clauses in this sentence.
More examples from Barack Osama:
“If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible;who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy，tonight is your answer. ”
This sentence is from Barack Osama’s Victory Speech. The triple use of “who still”, there are three parallel verb phrases—“doubts” “wonders” “questions”.
Another example, in Obama's New Hampshire speech, the expression “Yes, we can” rallied thousands of supporters when used like this: “It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the destiny of a nation: Yes, we can. It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail towards freedom through the darkest of nights: Yes, we can. It was sung by immigrants as they struck out for distant shores and pioneers who pushed westward against an unforgiving wilderness: Yes, we can. In this sentence, Obama revealed his speech by three parallel sentences, each of which contains a simple sentence with the similar structure. The slogan “yes, we can” is greatly enhanced by the unity and balance of these parallel structures. By using parallelism, the slogan can add clarity and coherence to the speech.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
Obama uses the same device frequently. In his Iowa victory speech on Jan. 3, Obama said, \"You have done what the cynics said we couldn't do. You have done what the state of New Hampshire can do in five days. You have done what America can do in this new year.\"
3.4 Repetition
Repetition is just the simple repeating of words, phrases or sentences, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, this is to make emphasis. The repetition or restatement of an idea at intervals not only promotes clarity, but encourages the acceptance of an idea. Because of the interval form of repetition, so it not only can increase the performance of an increasing sense of urgency, the performance of the gradual strengthening the feelings, and deepening the infectant power.
Winston Churchill was one of the most celebrated English orators of the twentieth century, and his speeches (both as Prime Minister and in other roles) contain textbook examples of classical rhetorical devices. Winston Churchill's speech “we shall fight them on the beaches” is one of the defining speeches during the Second World War. It uses the technique of repetition to very good effect.
“We shall go on to the end; we shall fight in France; we shall fight on the seas and oceans; we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air; we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be; we shall fight on the beaches; we shall fight on the landing grounds; we shall fight in the fields and in the streets; we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”
In another example, Churchill used repetition in a 1941 speech at Harrow: \"this is the
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never – in nothing, great or small, large or petty – never give in except to convictions of honor and good sense.\"
Churchill's the use of \"never”, is leaving out conjunctions such as \"and”, but this way gives a speech a blunter, more forceful tone.
In a speech addressed by George Bush, “We know what works: freedom works. We know what’s right：freedom is right. We know how to secure a more just and prosperous life for man on earth：through free markets, free speech, free elections and exercise of free will unhampered by the State.” Repeated the words ‘free’ and ‘freedom’, to express his strong faith in freedom.
Throughout Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech, repeating words and sentence. Repetition is a very outstanding feature in this speech. It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity. The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence, because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious. Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.
“Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: \"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.\"
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of \"interposition\" and \"nullification\" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; \"and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.”
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
In these paragraphs, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times. This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker’s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God’s children. If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.
More examples,
①“If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been around here in 1961, when we decided to take a ride for freedom and ended segregation in inter-state travel.
If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been around here in 1962, when Negroes in Albany, Georgia, decided to straighten their backs up. And whenever men and women straighten their backs up, they are going somewhere, because a man can't ride your back unless it is bent.
If I had sneezed -- If I had sneezed I wouldn't have been here in 1963, when the black people of Birmingham, Alabama, aroused the conscience of this nation, and brought into being the Civil Rights Bill.
If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have had a chance later that year, in August, to try to tell America about a dream that I had had.
If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been down in Selma, Alabama, to see the great Movement there.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been in Memphis to see a community rally around those brothers and sisters who are suffering.
I'm so happy that I didn't sneeze.”(Martin Luther King, Jr.,I've Been to the Mountaintop)
②“I want to be the President who educated young children to the wonders of their world.
I want to be the President who helped to feed the hungry and to prepare them to be tax-payers instead of tax-eaters.
I want to be the President who helped the poor to find their own way and who protected the right of every citizen to vote in every election.
I want to be the President who helped to end hatred among his fellow men, and who promoted love among the people of all races and all regions and all parties.
I want to be the President who helped to end war among the brothers of this earth.”(Lyndon Baines Johnson, Address to a Joint Session of Congress on Voting Legislation)
③“As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of “confuse, divide, and conquer.”
As an American, I don’t want a Democratic Administration “whitewash” or
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
“cover-up” any more than a want a Republican smear or witch hunt.
As an American, I condemn a Republican “Fascist” just as much I condemn a Democratic “Communist.” I condemn a Democrat “Fascist” just as much as I condemn a Republican “Communist.” They are equally dangerous to you and me and to our country.
As an American, I want to see our nation recapture the strength and unity it once had when we fought the enemy instead of ourselves.”(Margaret Chase Smith, Declaration of Conscience)
3.5 Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals, to strengthen the rhythm of speech. Alliteration can arouse the audience's attention and make audience’s impressed.
For example,
①“We should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.”
This sentence is addressed by Al Gore, the vice president of America, there are five words
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第7页
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech with the same letter ‘d’, ‘demean’ ‘democracy’ ‘distraction’ ‘denial’ ‘despair’ .Because it strengthen the pronunciation of this particular word he use ,and applied with related meaning, it formed phonetically alignment.
②“In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it.”, addressed by Hillary Rodham Clinton. She use ‘colleges’ ‘communities’ ‘country’ to progressively stress her idea to a further degree, in a connected phonetically form to strengthen the voice of language and images, but also to make it vivid and sound more harmonious.
More examples,
③At the 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote speech that brought Obama to prominence, he said, \"Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or do we participate in a politics of hope?\"
In 2005, during a commencement speech at Knox College, Obama described America as \"a place where destiny was not a destination, but a journey to be shared and shaped…\"
When speaking at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars in August, 2006, Obama proclaimed, \"The history of America is one of tragedy turned into triumph.\" In January's New Hampshire speech, Obama used alliteration again: \"We have been told we cannot do this by a chorus of cynics.\"
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
④But these difficulties, these differences, should not deter us.（Richard Nixon）
⑤I take as my guide the hope of a saint: In crucial things, unity; in important things, diversity; in all things, generosity.（George Bush）
⑥I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel clicking, dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries.（Winston S. Churchill）
3.6 Antithesis
Antithesis is to use an opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence. Antithesis is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition.
Antithesis uses words, often in parallel, that contrast each other. In setting the opposite, an individual brings out of a contrast in the meaning by an obvious contrast in the expression,to form an obvious comparison in order to enhance the theme of the speech. An example of antithesis is found in a quote from Abraham Lincoln, who said, \"It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues\"
More examples,
①“Okay, I’m going to step off the LEM now. That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.”（Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11 Moon Landing Speech）
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
The orator used two noun phrases “small step”, “giant leap” to form contrast, to express the meaning of human landing on moon clearly.
②“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”
（Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream）King used two prepositional phrases “by the color of their skin”, “by the content of their character” to form contrast as to express his expectation on racial equality and the harmonious society.
③“The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.”(Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)
Lincoln use two noun clauses “what we say here”, “what they did here” to highly praised the heroic martyrs in the American civil war and strongly expressed this unforgettable memories.
④“We will sacrifice for it; we will not surrender for it — now or ever.”(Ronald Reagan：Inaugural Address)
By using two clauses “We will sacrifice for it”, “we will not surrender for it” to signify American determination to compete with the Soviet union.
⑤“We find ourselves rich in goods but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon but falling in a raucous discord on earth. We are caught in warranting peace. We are torn by division wanting unity.”(Richard M. Nixon, Inaugural
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
Address)
This is quote from Nixon’s inaugural address when America is suffering from the Vietnam War, he used four different and continuous contrast “rich in goods”, “ragged in spirit”, “reaching with magnificent precision for the moon”, “falling in a raucous discord on earth” in order to directly resort to the audience of the fierce complicated social contradictions and the social reality of unrest, and received good speech effect.
⑥ “One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.”（Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream）
There are two continuous different contrasts in this quotation, by using contrast, King emphatically described the miserable lives of the Negro even after the signed emancipation proclamation over one hundred years.
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第8页
英语演讲中的修辞手法Rhetoric Device in English Speech 第8页
3.7 Rhetorical question
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply. Rhetorical questions encourage the
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
listener to think about what the (often obvious) answer to the question must be. When a speaker states, \"How much longer must our people endure this injustice?”, no formal answer is expected. Rather, it is a device used by the speaker to assert or deny something.
Use a rhetorical question as a lead-in from an introduction to the body of speech. The author already knows the answer the intended audience will give. This is an effective use of the rhetorical question. While rhetorical questions aren't meant to be answered, they are used to engage the audience's attention. Once the orator has that attention, he/she should follow it up with relevant material that not only answers the rhetorical question, directly or indirectly, but which expands on it. The rhetorical question is often the introduction to a larger topic.
For example,
①“Shall we pause now and turn our back upon the road that lies ahead? Shall we call this the promised land? Or, shall we continue on our way? “（Franklin D. Roosevelt）
The actual intention of the above question is negative answer, with the use of rhetorical question, the speaker expressed strong feeling and enhanced what he said to be persuasive.
②“But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength but irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot?”
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
③“Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?”
“Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation?”
(“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death”, by Patrick Henry)
This address was made when the American colonies facing the historical choice-- either to take up arms and strive for independence, or compromises and enslaved. Henry using this question with keen eyes full of politicians and patriotic passion, to refute all sorts of falsehood and expound the necessity and possibility of armed struggle. He uses the technique of rhetorical question to very good effect, very expressive, encouraging and power, which deeply infection by the audience. From then on, the slogan “give me liberty, or give me death” inspired millions of people to fight for the independence of the North America.
4． Conclusion
Obviously, rhetoric is commonly used in English speeches. It endows English speeches unique artistic charm. Because of the use of rhetoric in speeches, the language becomes more fascinating, humorous, vivid and colorful, which give audience deep impression. Simile, metaphor, parallelism，alliteration，repetition, antithesis ,rhetorical question are the most frequently used rhetorical devices in English speeches, which can achieve desired effects of English speeches. For the use of rhetoric in English speeches, orators can use the simplest language to express the most complex meaning, which makes the rhetoric fully
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
express its charm.
From the analysis and study above, it can be found that the use of rhetorical devices contributes a lot to successful speeches. Rhetorical devices are the determinative factors in English speeches. Generally speaking, by analyzing and studying the use of rhetoric in speeches, more wonderful speeches can be appreciated and the quintessence of rhetoric can be grasped. In a word, a successful speech needs ingenious using of rhetoric device. The function of rhetoric in English speeches is self-evident.
Bibliography
参考文献：
[1] 张文慧，康雷鸣.克林顿总统就职演说词的语言特色分析［J］.黑龙江教育学院学报，2008，（9）
[2] 唐颖，曲晶.英语修辞学 [M]. 吉林：吉林大学出版社，2006.
[3] 胡曙中.英语语篇语言学研究［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005.
[4] 青松.英语演讲句子层面的文体特征分析[J].沧州师范专科学校学报2005，（12）
[5] 钟敬东.英语演讲修辞的强化、雅化及形象化功能探讨[J] 浙江省重点专业（实用英语）建设规划项目，浙江省职教高教[2001]138.
[6] 胡曙中.现代英语修辞学 [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007.
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
[7] 谢伦浩.演讲写作技巧 [M].北京：石油工业出版社，2008.
[8] 刘德强等.世界演讲名篇鉴赏辞典 [M].上海：上海辞书出版社，2006.
[9] 冯翠华.英语修辞大全 [M] 外语教学与研究出版社， 2005.
[10] 胡壮麟.语言学概论 [M]. 北京：北京出版社，2007年.
[11] 方梦之，毛忠明.英汉-汉英应用翻译教程 第三版 [M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005.
[12] 王德春.现代修辞学 [M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007.
[13] 吴群芳.西方经典演讲辞 [M].北京：西苑出版社，2005.
[14] 陈定安.英汉修辞与翻译 [M].北京：中国青年出版社，2007.
[15] 黎海斌.即学即用演讲英语 [M].北京：中国纺织出版社，2008.
[16] 苏章海,马丁.路德.金《我有一个梦》的文体分析[J]山东农业大学，1998
对英语演说中辞语篇的语法、词汇衔接与连贯
摘 要: 根据韩礼德系统功能语法中语篇衔接理论,对英语演说辞语料实例进行了 语法衔接和 词汇衔接手段的分析,阐述了衔接和 连贯在英语演说辞语篇中的运用,说明了熟练使用 衔接和 连贯,能对英语演说辞语篇结构有系统性认识,既有利于讲话者传递主题信息,又有助于听者或读者掌握作者意图。
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
一、理论背景
语言是一套有层次的符号系统,语篇是其最高的结构层次,它不是小句或句子之类的语法单位,也不受长短的限制。语篇和小句或者句子之间并不是大小关系,而是体现关系,即一种符号关系在另一种符号系统中的体现。因此,语篇被视为语义单位,表达的是意义而非形式,可以看作是一个句子之间相互衔接、文内意思相互 连贯的一个有机统一性的整体,它表现为句子间既有外显的粘合性,也有内部语义和功能的内聚性、互参性。语篇无论是口头表达,还是书面表达,应衔接合理,语义 连贯,符合逻辑。衔接与 连贯属于Halliday功能语法中的语篇纯理功能分析理论,是语篇分析的核心内容。Hoey认为,衔接是篇章内句子里的某些词或语法特征,是能将该句与前后的句子连接起来的手段和方式。Halliday&Hasan指出,衔接是语篇存在的重要条件,但仅有衔接不一定就能产生语篇,而产生语篇则必须具有衔接,也就是说衔接是产生语篇的必要条件之一。胡壮麟认为,对一个有意义的可接受的语篇来说,它在语言各层次的成分都可表现出某种程度的衔接,从而使说话人在交际过程中所欲表达的意图贯通整个语篇,达到交际目的。可见,衔接是一个语义概念,是语篇中不同语义成分之间的语义关系,通过使用一些相互之间存在意义联系的词语,建立一个贯穿语篇的语义链条,构成语篇中话语组织的纽带,保证篇章的 连贯性。因此衔接存在于语言的表层,是语篇的有形网络; 连贯隐匿于语篇的深层,是语篇的无形框架,二者共同构成语篇,保障语篇内容的自然流畅。Halliday&Hasan在所著《Cohesion in English》一书中,系统地研究了英语语言系统中可用来建构衔接关系的语料,形成了完整的理论体系。此书中,他们把衔接分为 语法衔接(grammatical cohesion)和 词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。本文以英语演说辞为实例,分析衔接与 连贯手段在公众演讲语篇中的运用。
二、英语演说辞中的 语法衔接手段
演说虽然是讲话人通过说,听众通过听来进行交流的,但往往是经过事先精心准备的,因此演说辞应做到全文衔接合理,逻辑清晰,一气呵成,要让听众清楚明白其主题内容和讲话人的意图。根据Halliday&Hasan的语篇衔接理论,语篇的 语法衔接手段可划分为四类:照应(refer2ence)、替代
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
(substitution)、省略(elip sis)和连接(conjunction)。
(一)照应,也称为指称,在语义学中指词与所代表的事物、行为、事件及特征之间的关系。
从广义上说,是指词或片语与外部世界中的实体之间的关系;从狭义上说,是指词或片语与具体事物之间的关系。根据Halliday&Hasan的观点,照应关系可以分为两类:一类称为内照应,指语篇的语言项目之间的照应关系。内照应又可以分为两种情况,一种是前照应,即所指对象位于上文;另一种是后照应,即所指对象位于下文。另一类照应称为外照应,指语言项目的意义即是直接依存于语篇外客观环境中的某个事物。
1)It is obvious today that America has defaul2ted on this p rom issory note insofar as her citizens ofcolor are concerned.her的照应对象是前面的America,因为代词的指称对象在前面,所以是前照应。由人称代词(如I,you,he,they,them等)、所属限定词(如:your,his,her,their等)和所属代词(如:m ine,his,hers,theirs等)实现的照应关系,称为人称照应。
2)W hen the architects of our republic w rotethe m agnificent words of the Constitution and theDeclaration of independence,they were signing ap rom issory no te to which every Am erican was to fallheir.This no te was a p rom ise that all m en,yes,black men as well as white men,would be guaran2teed the inalienable rights of life,liberty,and thepursuit of happ iness.第二句中的This note照应的对象是第一句的a promissory note,也是前照应。由选择性名词性指示词(如:this,that,these,those),定冠词the和指示性副词(here,there,now,then)实现的照应关系,称为指示照应。
3)It is a mo re remarkable tribute to D ianathan I can ever hope to offer her today.这是英国王妃戴安娜的弟弟在其姊葬礼上的悼词。讲话者通过比较级(a more remarkable)的方式突出了民众对Diana王妃的颂扬。这种通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他一些有比较意义的词
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
语表示的照应关系,称为比较照应。
一般来说,表示异同、相似、差别、量与质的优劣等词语都具有照应作用。从以上例子可以看出,语篇中照应关系可以在语言层面上直接找到。经过大量例子分析,可知英语演讲多数采用内照应,形成回指,因为演讲的形式通常是“你说我听”,讲话人和听众之间不能有反复的相互交流,决定了表达和理解是一次性、瞬时性,而前照应则方便了听众理解讲话人的内容。
(二)替代,指用替代词取代一个成分,既避免重复,又达到衔接的目的。
替代是一种措词之间的关系,而不是一种意义关系,比如词与词之间的关系或短语与短语之间的关系。因此替代是从语法方面来定义的,通常分为名词性替代、动词性替代和小句性替代。
1)It seem s obvious that you have a necessaryand vital role in ensuring that the earth you inheritis one that you w ill want to live in and one that youw ill want to pass on to your children.后半句的one指代的是the earth,即名词性替代。
2)A few hours ago,I discharged my last dutyas King and Emperor.And now that I have beensucceeded by m y bro ther,the Duke of York,myfirst words must be to declare my allegiance to him.This I do w ith all my heart.该例句的第二句do是替代了第一句中的declare,即动词性替代。
3)Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation or any nation so con2ceived and so dedicated can long endure.so的使用,替代了前一句的conceived in lib2erty and dedicated to the p roposition that all m enare created equal,在这里讲话者突出了国家自由、独立的原则。该例是小句性替代,小句替代多用so和not。 <
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
BR>由例子可知,替代通过句法来体现语义关系,具有潜在的回指性,构成了演讲语篇中各部分之间的联系纽带,同时也是一种语义的重现,起到了强调的作用。替代手段的使用,使演讲文语句简练,意思清楚,逻辑严密。
(三)省略省略是语篇内的一种关系,指上下文已经提到的、交际双方可以填补的,但不在特定的地方出现的成分。
它也可以看作是语篇中的零替代。省略的使用既能避免重复,也能起到衔接的作用。省略也可以分为三类:名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。
1)You all know the reasons which have im 2pelled me to renounce the throne.B ut Iwant you tounderstand that,in making up my m ind,I did notforget the country or the emp ire which,as Prince ofW ales and lately as King,I have for 25 years triedto serve.为避免重复,动词serve后省略了the countryo r the emp ire,完整的表达应是I have for 25 yearstried to serve the country or the emp ire。
2)I believe we can transform our links if bothsides are indeed ready to make the effort.For ourpart,we are.For our part,we are是一个不完整的句子,省略掉了表语从句,补充完整则是:For our part,we are indeed ready to m ake the effort.在英语演讲文中,从结构形式的角度讲,省略往往是留下一个空位,由听众来填补出一个句子或句群完整的意思。
因此,一个句子中被省略的成分通常都可以从语境中找到,换言之,一个句子给另一个句子的理解提供了依据,使它们形成了连接关系,这也是一种语义的重现,起到了强调的作用。
(四)连接,连接指用连词、副词或词组(短语)把两个命题联系起来的手段。
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
连接成分本身并没有衔接意义,而是通过它们特定的意义间接地具有衔接作用。
1)Instead of honoring this sacred obligation,America has given the Negro peop le a bad check,acheck which has com e back m arked“insufficientfunds.”B ut we refuse to believe that the bank ofjustice is bankrup t.B ut一词构成了上下两个句子之间的转折关系,抓住了听者的注意力。
2)We observe today no t a victory of part,buta celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end,aswell as a beginning-signifying renewal,as well aschange,for I have sworn befo re you and A lm ightyGod the same so lemn oath our forebears p rescribednearly a century and three quarters ago.这个例子中使用了多个表连接关系的词语:not…but…表示转折,强调句子的后半部分;for表前后句子之间的原因关系;and,aswell as表增补关系,表示几个名词短语之间的逻辑语义意义。
上述例句表明,连接可以用来表示两个小句或两个成分之间的逻辑语义关系,在语篇中位置通常受限,大多数位于它们所连接的两个或多个句子之间。在英语演说辞中的使用较频繁,使语篇布局合理、逻辑清晰,如行云流水般娓娓道来。
三、英语演说辞中的 词汇衔接手段
词汇是语篇信息的主要载体,其手段的多样性决定了其具有丰富的表达和交际功能。
词汇衔接指通过重复使用原词、同义词、近义词、反义词、上下义词、互补性词和表示整体与部分的词,以及词汇同现等衔接手段来连接语篇,达到语义 连贯。
1)Fourscore and seven years ago our fathersbrought fo rth on this continent a new
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
nation,conceived in liberty and dedicated to the p ropositionthat all m en are created equal.Now we are engagedin a great civil war,testing whether that nation o rany nation so conceived and so dedicated can longendure.
2)B ut in a larger sense,we cannot dedicate,we cannot consecrate,we cannot hallow thisground.
词汇衔接中最直接的方式是具有同样语义、同一形式的词汇在语篇中的反复出现。例1)和例2)都采用了重复,体现的是词汇的复现关系。例1)中,conceived和dedicated是词语重复,在林肯的葛底斯堡演讲中,常出现词语重复,如:dedi2cate,conceive,consecrate,here,devotion。可见,词语重复在演说中不仅可以发挥语篇的纽带作用,还可以达到突出主题、加深印象的效果。除了词语重复外,还有句子结构的重复,如:例2)中重复了三个并列we cannot句型,层层递进,极富感染力。英语演讲名作《我有一个梦想》当中就使用了大量的句子结构重复,起到了排比的修辞效果,使全文气势恢宏,激情洋溢。3)Five score years ago,a great American,inwho se symbolic shadow we stand today,signed theEm ancipation Proclam ation.This Mom entous de2cree came as a great beacon light of hope to m illionsof Negro slaves who had been seared in the flamesof w ithering injustice.第二句中的ThisMomentous decree指的是第一句中的the Emancipation Proclamation,为了避免单调,讲话者用词语的其它表达形式重复出现在语篇中,也达到了相互衔接的目的。这样的表达方式也是词汇复现。
4)The wo rld w ill little note nor long remem2ber what we say here,but it can never fo rget whatthey did here.该例句中remember和forget是一对反义词,表现了意义不同的词项在语篇中的接应关系,即词汇的同现关系,可见,反义词也可以起到衔接的作用,适当地使用意义相反的词语互相衬托,不仅增强语言鲜明的对比性,还能起到加强语义的作用。
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
由以上分析可以得知,演说辞中大量采用了衔接手段,保证了整个语篇的 连贯性。在使用中,讲话者不会仅使用一种衔接手段,通常采用多种衔接手段,使语言丰富,文章生动形象,如下例:
5)You feel,though the occasion is mournful,that it is good to be here.You feel that it was great2ly ausp icious for the cause of the country that t
hemen of the East,and the men of the W est,the menof nineteen sister states,stood side by side on theperilous ridges of the battle.You now feel it a newbond of union that they shall lie side by side till aclarion,louder than that which m arshaled them tothe combat,shall awake their slumbers.该例同时使用了语法和 词汇衔接手段,整个句群是三个You feel的句子结构重复,起排比修辞的效果。单句中有连接手段and,though;比较照应louder than,前照应that。
可见,在演说辞中, 语法衔接手段是用来识别句际间的形式组织和连接方法,理解讲话者的字面意思;而词汇间的衔接,能使语篇内一部分与另一部分在意义上连接起来,从而推断语篇宏观主题的 连贯,抓住组织结构,把握讲话者的思想,二者共同保证了语篇的整体 连贯性。
四、结语
本文基于Halliday&Hasan的衔接理论,对演说辞进行了语篇分析,探讨了衔接与 连贯手段在演说中的体现。正确合理地使用衔接手段,不仅可以从语篇的各个层面上反映作者或说话者的交际意图,强化语篇主题,还可以对语篇的 连贯起着重要作用。可见,熟练地掌握衔接与 连贯的手段,不仅可以提高演说辞语篇分析能力,更好地理解主题内容和作者意图,还有助于听众加深对演说辞的理解,同时也表明了利用衔接和 连贯原理分析该类语篇的可行性和科学性。
[参考文献]
源-于-网-络-收-集
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====
[1]Beaugrande,Robert de and D ressler W.Introduc2tion to Text L
inguistics[M].London:Longman,1981.
[2]Halliday,M.A.K..and Ruqaiya Hasan..Cohe2sion in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language and Re2search Press,2006.
[3]Hoey,M.Patterns of Lexis in Text[M].OxfordUniversity Press,1991.
[4]於奇语篇的衔接与 连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995.
[5]黄国文.英语语言问题研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,1999.
[6]语篇分析的理论与实践[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.
源-于-网-络-收-集
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容