一、概要写作
1. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
Throughout history， music spread among people of different cultures． In today’s
technologically advanced society， however， people spread music online， sometimes without an artist’s permission． This can lead to many problems， and music companies are now dealing with this practice． Sharing music online without permission is theft （盗窃）． Sharing music online prevents recording companies from making money from their
efforts． They say that sharing music online has resulted in a huge drop in profits and sales over the past 10 years． People who find music for free online are not paying for CDs or every MP3 downloaded． To truly understand the influence of music piracy （盗版）on creators，one must understand how many people are involved in the recording
process． For the sale of each album， profits must be shared between musicians， sound engineers， music producers，managers， advertisers， and the company selling the product． Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist， but the reality is that sharing hurts business for all companies involved．
There are many people who don’t see the harm in sharing music online and even think they have the right to do it． One online blogger states that he originally paid for an entire CD and that he should be able to do with the material whatever he wants． While he may have legally paid for the music， he does not have the right to provide permission， which means people like the blogger are thieves．
Although we don’t spread today’s music the same way we did before，there’s no doubt that people around the world love to share music． However， Internet piracy would prevent musicians from continuing producing albums for fear of theft． Therefore， if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists， they need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profit to continue their music careers．
2. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
As is known to all， sports stars earn large amounts of money every year． LeBron James， the famous American basketball star， for instance， earns an income of more than 20 million dollars a year． Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve the high pay that they are getting． Some even argue that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people． Their sontributions to society are much less than those made by doctors， firemen， scientists， professors， ect． But I can never agree with that． While sports are for entertainment， it does not mean that they are not important to people’s life． Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games， and they are willing to pay to watch the
performances． Because of the sports stars， our life becomes more exciting． Some sports stars gain honor for their country， and their countrymen are proud of them． They contribute to the spiritual well﹣being of their people．
What’s more， sports stars usually are at the top of level in their fields． In this world， you have to pay if you want the best． It is the same with sports． Skills in sports are like the skills in works of art． People will not say that Da Vinci’s painting Mona Lisa was bought for
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too much money． Most stars are skilled in their own field not only because of their talents but also because of their hard training． They have to keep performing at their peak to earn that good income．
Their infulence on the national econumy can not be overlooked． Take NBA in America for example， the stars help to support not only the basketball industry， but also other rs related industries like sportswear and sport equipment． Sports stars also make constant appearance in advertisements． Since they are well known in the world， they attract many people’s attention， which often leads to an immediate boom in the sales of the products that are advertised by them．
I hope one day their accomplishments will be fully recognized． ________
3. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world’s people may not have enough water by the year 2025．
A private American organization called Population Action International （PAI） did the new study． It says more than 335 million people lack enough water now． The people live in 28 countries． Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East．
PAI researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025， about 3，000 million people may lack water． At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems． The demand for water keeps increasing． Yet the amount of water on Earth stays the same． Mr Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world． He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase． The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems． It may increase health problems． Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe． Mr Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases，such as cholera which are carried in water．
Lack of water may also result in more international conflict． Countries may have to
compete for water in the future． Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries． And the report says lack of water would affect the ability to improve their economies． This is because new industries often need large amounts of water when they are beginning．
The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem． One way， it says， is to find ways to use water for more than one
purpose． Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water． A third way is to use less water for agriculture．
The report also says long﹣term solutions to the water problem must include controls on population growth．
4. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
Many couples who already have one healthy， happy child are facing a dilemma， that is， the issue of whether to have a second child or not． They have hard jobs and limited time and money， but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child． So， what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child？ That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand．
One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child． That’s why many single﹣child parents plan to have a second child． They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child， because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with，
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which may make the child feel lonely at times， especially during vacations．
Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters． If one couple had only one child， the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who grows up with brothers or sisters．
However， in many parts of the world， more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents． With just one child， they suggest， there is little chance of family arguments concerned with children． Besides， as an only child in the family， the child can receive more quality time and attention． This often leads to increased self﹣respect and independence， which can lead to the child being more confident．
Unluckily，there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child． Every family is different， and what is proper for one family may not be for
another． The important thing， in the end， is to make a decision that both you and your husband or wife feel confident about．
5. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要． Protecting Manta Rays
Giant manta rays are some of the friendliest creatures in the ocean． They allow divers to swim right up to them． Unfortunately， these gentle giants are under threat from
overfishing﹣removing organisms from the ocean at a higher rate than they can reproduce and replenish their numbers．
Peru， a country in South America，recently took a big step to protect giant manta rays． It banned fishing for them． Although 12 other countries have passed laws to protect rays， Peru’s may be the most important one yet．
That’s because there are more giant manta rays in the Pacific Ocean near Peru than in any other place in the world．
Giant manta rays are unusual﹣looking creatures． The enormous， flat fish typically span about 4.5 meters across and can grow up to 8 meters wide． \"They’re kind of like giant flying carpets underwater，says Joshua Stewart of the Manta Trust， an organization that researches manta rays．
People catch the rays for their meat and gill plates． The rays use their gill plates to strain plankton from the ocean． Manta gill plates are especially popular in China， where some people use them as medicine．
Overfishing is bad for any sea creature， but it’s even worse for giant manta rays． Female mantas usually have only one pup，or baby， every two to five years． So every ray that’s caught hurts the population in a big way． That’s why Peru’s ban on giant manta ray fishing is so important． People who break the new law can be fined or have their fishing licenses taken away． Even rays caught accidentally in fishing nets must be released．
The Manta Trust is also trying to protect manta rays by learning more about them． Earlier this year， the organization attached video cameras， called Crittercams， to manta rays off the west coast of Mexico． The footage the cameras collect could help researchers predict where and when rays swim． The scientists could use the information to warn
fishing boats to avoid these areas， helping reduce the number of accidentally caught rays． Stewart says it’s important to protect these unique creatures． “There’s really no other animal that compares in size that you can have interaction with in the wild．”
6. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
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Your Robot Teacher of The Future
Will your job be done by a robot in the future？ Bank of England economists predict that almost half of all UK jobs are under threat of automation． Those most at risk involve repetitive manual labour， such as factory positions． But could even the venerable profession of teaching soon have to compete against powerful electronic educators？
At first glance， teaching might seem to be unaffected to replacement by robots． Teachers use a range of soft skills that machines find hard to replicate． They judge pupils’ needs and adapt feedback accordingly． They adapt materials to make them more attractive and effective． And they provide pastoral care： looking out for students who lag behind or disrupt the class．
However， some believe the future of education will be technological． In an interview with Business Insider magazine， futurist Thomas Frey predicts that “by 2030 the largest company on the Internet is going to be an education﹣based company that we haven’t heard of yet．”
He thinks that “bots” 一online robot teachers﹣will make education so efficient that students will be able to compress an entire undergraduate degree into six months of
learning． A bot learns what your “interests” and “reference points” are，“and it figures out how to teach you in a faster and faster way over time，” according to Frey．
Whether or not such incredible speeds will be reached， over the last decade there has been a huge increase in online learning platforms． Companies such as Udemy and Khan Academy produce courses that allow millions to learn at home for free， at their own pace． But there are limitations． Without the face﹣to﹣face stimulation of a classroom environment， the overwhelming majority of students fail to complete online
courses． How to sustain motivation to learn is one more skill that online teachers will need to master．
Indeed， Frey admits there is some way to go： \"Nobody has quite cracked the code for the future of education．What do teachers themselves think about this？ Professor Donald Clark from Derby University in the UK thinks that we should welcome change， even though people will lose their jobs．
“Artificial intelligence will destroy jobs﹣so why not use it for a social good such as learning？” he asked．
7. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要． Lunchtime Dilemma
Whether at school， college or work， most of us take some sort of lunch break． it’s a good time to have a rest， catch up with friends and eat some food﹣but here lies the dilemma﹣what to eat？ There are a lot options but because of limited time or money， many of us stick to what we know﹣usually the sandwich．
Some of us make our own sandwiches in the morning before heading out， while those in a rush tend to take at a snack bar or a cafe or buy a meal deal at a supermarket． A packet of crisps may be an additional main food to our predictable lunch． What we eat is usually the same every day． Sheila Dillon says more than a third of office workers have eaten the same midday meal for the last nine months．
In the UK， bread has become the chief support of our lunchtime snack， sometimes eaten at your desk． Bread is cheap and fills you up and with average lunch hours now reduced to 25 minutes， 24 seconds． It’s Quick and convenient to eat． But it’s also boring! Some
people have changed the situation by bringing in leftovers from their previous night’s dinner， which they then heat up in a microwave but even that isn’t very exciting．
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We are creatures of habit but philosopher Julian Baggini says， “We’re never going to break out of our midday malaise unless we think outside the box．” There are alternatives that will fill you up． With just a microwave and a kettle， there a number of hot satisfying meals can be made such as soups and jacket potatoes served with a small amount of baked beans or cheese． And then there are the instant noodles in a pot﹣although you may question how nutritious they are．
If you’ve got time for more exotic munchies，then look out for trendy “Ottolenghi” style food such as bean salad wrap． There is also the healthy Japanese treat sushi．
But if I’ve got time for a proper lunch， I head to my local greasy spoon and tuck into a fry﹣up． Not very healthy but delicious and it sets me up for an afternoon of hard work． Then it’s time for the next dilemma﹣what to have for dinner？ What do you usually eat for lunch？
8. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要． The Language of Smartphone Addiction
Are you addicted to your smartphone？ Do you check your phablet in the middle of the night？ Do you post to social media as you wander along the pavement？
If you do the latter， you would be called a “smombie” in Germany． It’s a combined word which combines “smartphone” and “zombie （僵尸）”，and refers to the familiar sight of someone wandering along，eyes fixed on the phone in their hand， taking no notice of the world around them． The term was chosen as Youth Word of the Year in Germany in 2015． Indeed，just as mobile phones have changed the way we communicate， they’ve also enriched the stock of slang that describes human behavior．
Another such term is “phubbing”． Again，it’s a combination of two individual words， “phone” and “snubbing （冷落）”．Picture the scene： you’re out at a cafe with a friend， but instead of listening to your interesting conversation，he’s absorbed in his mobile phone． We’ve all been there．
Then there’s a phrase which comes from Chinese： the “bowed head tribe”． This describes not a mere，singular smombie， but the amount of people we see stooped over mobile phones．
And over in Japan， one blogger describes the groups of people dangerously traversing busy intersections as “dumbwalkers”，but who somehow manage to avoid crashing into each other．
While many of these terms are light﹣hearted， there’s a serious side． In the German city of Augsburg one phone user was killed after being hit by a tram as she crossed the road． It prompted authorities to install ground﹣ level traffic lights for those looking down at their phones．
And the risks with phones don’t end there． The desire for increasingly daring selfies has led to the deaths of over 120 people since 2014． That’s more than have died from shark attacks．
It may come as no surprise to hear， therefore， that we’re more addicted to our phones than ever before， according to a survey in the UK by Deloitte． Phones are our cameras， our calendars and our windows into the constantly updating lives of friends across social media．
Without our phones by our side， surely we’d miss out on all this fun． And yes， you guessed it， there’s a slang term for that mentality too： “fomo”，or the “fear of missing out”．
9. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
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Why Do We Like Different Tastes？
What’s your favorite flavor？ Maybe you like your food nice and spicy？ Perhaps you have a sweet tooth？ Or are you partial to a salty， savory snack？
By now you’re probably imagining something delicious， but take a moment to consider this： why do some people like certain flavors while others can’t stand them？ For example， oysters． They turn my stomach， but some spend generously on the slippery shellfish． According to famous chef Heston Blumenthal， our taste preferences are strongly linked to our memories． Certain flavors might bring back the sounds and smells of a seaside holiday， or an ice﹣cream might cause memories of enjoying a childhood treat． This “positive nostalgia” has a powerful effect on how we experience food．
Likewise， our surroundings have an impact on cooking pleasure． The same glass of wine can taste different depending on the background music． Blumenthal believes playing loud music makes people eat more quickly， while classical music makes them spend more money on wine．
Alongside memory and atmosphere， our genetics also have a powerful impact on taste preferences．
Neuroscientist Charles Zucker from Columbia University believes all animals are “pre﹣wired” to prefer sweet tastes over sour． “There are no lions out in the wild drinking tonic water （汤利水），” he says．
On a more individual level， our personal genetic inherited preferences are
significant． “And that is likely to greatly impact how much sugar I want to have in my coffee， says Dr Zucker． It might be that I need six spoons of sugar to get the same level of satisfaction and reward that you get with only two．”
Coffee is also an interesting example of how our tastes change over time． Most children don’t like the
maltiness （有麦芽的感觉）of beer or the bitterness of strong coffee． But many adults
enjoy the social reward﹣the relaxing effects of alcohol or the stimulation gained by coffee． These are what we call acquired tastes﹣things we gradually learn to like whether it s
because our tastes become more sophisticated， or because we crave the social effects of the foods．
For me though，I’m yet to see the allure in oysters， whether social or good food!
10. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要． Hygge： The Secret to a Happy Winter
Imagine this scene： it’s blowing a strong wind outside． You’re snuggled （偎依）up on the sofa under a warm quilt， chatting and reminiscing with your closest friends．
That content， snug feeling has a name in Danish ﹣ “hygge”． And， as Denmark recently won the title of “happiest country in the world”，the rest of the world is becoming more and more interested in finding ways to embrace this concept．
“Hygge” 一originally from a Norwegian word meaning “wellbeing” 一doesn’t have an exact equivalent in English． It’s often translated as cosiness， or as blogger Anna West told the BBC， “cosiness of the soul”． But， as translator ToveMaren Stakkestad explains， “Hygge was never meant to be translated． It was meant to be felt．”
Essentially， hygge involves creating a warm， cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones． Danish winters are long and dark and so achieving “hygge” is particularly relevant during this season． A typical “hygge” activity during winter could be， enjoying delicious homemade food and light﹣hearted conversation with friends﹣ preferably in the warm glow of candlelight； or maybe sipping a glass of mulled wine （热葡萄酒）in the
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hot tub after a day spent skiing．
However， hygge isn’t only confined to the cold winter months﹣it can also describe that warm， fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on a summer day or a family barbecue in the park．
The concept of “hygge” is currently taking the world by storm with more and more people becoming obsessed with achieving a state of wellbeing． Articles， books and stocking fillers， full of tips on how to achieve hygge， are hitting the market． Although， some believe this has become a marketing and advertising ploy， the benefits of staying happy cannot be underestimated． So， as the winter nights draw in， instead of hibernating， get into your favorite clothes， bake some cookies and curl up by a roaring fire with a good book． And if you can do this with friends and family， even better﹣hygge is meant to be shared．
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