翻译5

Cities have changed more since the Industrial Revolution than in all the previous centuries of their existence. New York had a population of about 313,000 in 1840 but had reached 4,767,000 in 1910. Chicago exploded from 4.000 to 2,185,000 during the same period. Millions of rural dwellers no longer needed on farms flocked to the cities, where new factories churned out products for the new markets made accessible by railroads and steamships. In the United States, millions of immigrants from Europe swelled the urban populations. Increasingly, urban economies were being woven more rightly into the national and international economies. Technological innovations poured forth, many with profound impacts on urban form. Railroad tracks were driven into the heart of the city. Internal rail transportation systems greatly expanded the radius of urban settlement: horsecars beginning in the 1830s, cable cars in the 1870s, and electric trolleys in the 1880s. In the 1880s, the first central power plants began providing electrical power to urban areas. The rapid communication provided by the telegraph and the telephone allowed formerly concentrated urban activities to disperse across a wider field.

The industrial city still focused on the city center, which contained both the central business district, defined by large office buildings, and substantial numbers of factory and warehouse structures. Both trolleys and railroad systems converged on the center of the city, which boasted the premier entertainment and shopping establishments. The working class lived in crowded districts close to the city center, near their place of employment.

Early American factories were located outside of major cities along rivers which provided water power for machinery. After steam power became widely available in the 1930s, factories could be located within the city in proximity to port facilities, rail lines, and the urban labor force. Large manufacturing zones emerged within the major northeastern and midwestern cities such as Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Cleveland. But by the late nineteenth century, factory decentralization had already begun, as

manufacturers sought larger parcels of land away from the congestion of the city. Gary, Indiana, for example, was founded in 1906 on the southern shore of Lake Michigan by the United States Steel Company.

The increasing crowding, pollution, and disease in the central city produced a growing desire to escape to a healthier environment in the suburbs. The upper classes had always been able to retreat to homes in the countryside. Beginning in the 1830s, commuter railroads enabled the upper middle class to commute in to the city center. Horsecar lines were built in many cities between the 1830s and 1880s, allowing the middle class to move out from the central cities into more spacious suburbs. Finally, during the 1890s electric trolleys and elevated rapid transit lines proliferated, providing cheap urban transportation for the majority of the population.

The central business district of the city underwent a radical transformation with the development of the skyscraper between 1870 and 1900. These tall buildings were not technically feasible until the invention of the elevator and steel-frame construction methods. Skyscrapers reflect the dynamics of the real estate market; the tall building extracts the maximum economic value from a limited parcel of land. These office buildings housed the growing numbers of white-collar employees in banking, finance, management, and business services, all manifestations of the shift from an economy of small firms to one of large corporations.

在工业城市转型

城市发生了更多的工业革命比所有他们存在的前几个世纪以来。纽约有约

313000人口 1840但已达到4767000 1910。芝加哥爆炸从4到2185000在同一时期。农村居民的不再需要在农场上百万涌入城市，在那里新工厂里的新的市场的产品通过铁路和轮船可以。在美国，数以百万计的来自欧洲的移民城市人口膨胀。越来越多的城市经济，被编织得更为国家和国际。

技术创新与倒出来，许多城市形态产生深远的影响。铁轨被驱赶到城市的心脏。内部轨道交通系统大大半径城市扩大定居点：horsecars从19世纪30年代的汽车在 1870年代，电缆，手推车在电1880年。19世纪80年代，第一中央电厂开始提供电能的城市地区提供的通信通过电报和快速。电话以前允许集中的城市活动分散在。

工业城市仍集中在城市中心，其中包含的中央商务区，大型办公建筑的定义，和大量的工厂和仓库。两电车和铁路系统聚集在城市的中心，吹嘘总理娱乐和购物场所。工人阶级居住在拥挤的街区靠近城市中心，附近。

早期的美国工厂分别位于沿河流的机械提供水电以外的城市。在20世纪30年代的蒸汽动力成为广泛使用，工厂可能位于在城市附近的港口设施，铁路线，和城市劳动力。大型生产区内出现的主要东北部和中西部的城市如底特律，克利夫兰和匹兹堡，。但在第十九世纪末，工厂分权已经开始，作为制造商寻求土地大包裹，远离城市的拥挤。加里，印第安娜，例如，成立于1906由美国密歇根钢湖在南。

越来越拥挤，污染，和在中心城市疾病产生了越来越多的愿望逃到一个更健康的环境中郊区。上层阶级总是能够撤退到农村家庭。从19世纪30年代，通勤铁路启用上层中产阶层通勤到城市中心。马车线建于19世纪30年代和19世纪80年代，许多城市之间，允许移动从中心城市到郊区的中产阶级更宽敞。最后，在19世纪90年代电车和高架快速运输系增殖，为广大的人口提供廉价的城市运输。

城市的中央商务区经历了一个激进的转换1870和1900之间摩天大楼的发展。这些高楼是技术上不可行到电梯和钢结构的施工方法发明。摩天大楼动力学的房地产市场反映；高高的价值包裹的从有限的建筑中提取的最大经济。这些写字楼的白领员工安置银行，越来越多的财务，管理，和业务服务，所有从一个小企业经济的一个大公司的转变表现。