四六级考试常考英语语法
一.定语从句
引导定语从句的有关系代词as,who,whom,whom,which,that和关系副词when,where,why等。 1.as引导定语从句
(1)as引导定语从句,相当于which。 如I am from shanghai,as/which you know。
但as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which不能; 例:As you know,I am from shanghai。
(2)as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句,既可以单独引导从句,又可以与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应,从句中的谓语动词常省略。 2.关系代词that与which用法区别:
(1)which可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,that则不能; (2)which之前可以有介词,that之前则不能; (3)只能用that,而不能用which的主要情形:
——当先行词是all,anything,few,little,much,none,nothing,something等不定代词时;
——当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时; ——当先行词被the very,the only等词修饰时。
例:Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have not found solutions so far。 二.状语从句
1. 让步状语从句
(1) 由no matter + wh-疑问词【no matter what】 和wh-疑问词+ever
【whatever】。但wh-疑问词+ever【whatever】引导的名词从句则不能用no matter替换。
Take the coat ,no matter what coat it is / whatever coat it is .
(2) No matter whether…or…结构中可将no matter省略,形成
whether…or…或whether…or not 引导选择条件句。
例;The substance does not dissolve in water whether {it is}heated or not。
2.条件状语从句
翻译条件状语从句时,要注意时态的选择。
例;Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for
you。条件状语从句,用if引导;主句是祈使句,相当于将来时态,故从句应用一般现在时。
3. 时间状语从句
例;We do not know it until a doctor discovered it by chance。 4. 原因状语从句
常见引导原因状语从句的引导词有;because,as,now that/since,
in that等。
三.名词性从句
1. 主语从句
汉语中的“的”字结构可译成英语的主语从句,用what引导,相当于the thing that。
例:What many people have not realized is that read books is a insteresting thing。
2. 表语从句
In my seventies,one change I notice is that I am more easily to get tired than before。 四.比较结构
1. as…as【与…一样】,more…than【比…更】,a bit/a little/a
lot/even/far/gretly/many/much/sightly/still+形容词/副词比较级这些结构。 注意:more than 表示‘不只是,只不过’;no more…than…=not…any more than…,表示‘与…一样不…’。
例:I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because it is more convenient and time-saving。
例:Since my childhood I have found that nothing is more attractive to me than
reading。
2.The more…the more…“越…越…”
例:The more you explain ,the more confused me。 3倍数表达法
——A is 倍数+the size/length/width of B【A是B的几倍大/长/宽】 ——A is 倍数+形容词或副词原级+as B【A是B的几倍】 ——A is 倍数 more than B【A是B的几倍】
例:On average,it is said,visitors spend only half as much money in a day in
Leeds as in London.
4.表示与…相比较的短语{compare with和in comparison with}
例:Your losses in trade this year are nothing compared with/in comparison with
mine。 五.情态动词
1. 情态动词中的must,can,could,may,might都表示推测。其中must
可能性最大,can和could其次,may和might最小。 2. 情态动词完成时所表达的意义:
——could have done 本科可能做 ——may/might have done 也许做了 ——should have done 本应做 ——must have done 肯定做过
六.倒装结构
1. 有否定含义的副词或短语位于句首作状语,这类词有:neither,never,
no,rarely,hardly…when,little,few,in no case ,no sooner…than等。 例:Not until he fanish his work did he realize he was seriously ill。
2. 含有only的状语或宾语位于句首时,其句子的主谓要部分倒装。 例:Not only did he charge me too much,but he completed his mission。 3.虚拟语气的让步状语从句中,在省略了lf的情况下主谓部分倒装。 Had I taken your advice【if I had taken your advice 】,all this misery might have
been avoided。 七.虚拟语气
1. 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句 (1)由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在过去将来的事实进行假设时,主从,句的谓语动词形式如下所示 表虚拟的时间 If从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 现在 过去时 Would/should/could/might+动词原形 过去 Had+过去分词 Would/should/could/might+have done 将来 一般过去时 Would/should/could/might+动Were to+动词原形 词原形 Should+动词原形 例:If she had returned an hour latter,Mary would not have been caught in the heave rain。
(2)有些介词或介词短语含有隐含的条件含义,其虚拟形式与if引导的非真实条件状语从句类似,需根据从句所用的时态,来选择主句谓语形式。这些词包括:without,but for,were it not for等。 2.虚拟语气用于状语 (1)lest,in case 或 for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词用【should+动词原形】
(2)在as if或as though引导的方式状语从句中,谓语动词虚拟式的变化要依据对过去,现在,将来的假设选择适当的动词虚拟式。
例:You would better take a sweater with you in case it gets cold。 3.虚拟语气用于宾语从句中
(1) Wish后的宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟: ——一般过去时表示对现在情况的假设 ——过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设 ——would+动词原形表示对将来的愿望
例:sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and different place。
(2) would rather,would sooner,might as well,would prefer 后面跟虚拟语
气表示愿望,意为宁愿,但愿,形式为:
——would ranther/sooner+主语+谓语动词过去式 表示现在或将来的愿望 ——would ranther/sooner+主语+动词过去完成时 表示过去的愿望 例:I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday。
(3) if only引导的感叹句表示但愿,要是……就好了。其用法和wish基本
相同,只是感情色彩更强烈。
(4) 在表示命令,建议等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,谓语形
式为{should}+动词原形
例:The teacher raquired that we {should }hand in our homework by Wednesday。 4.it is +形容词/名词+that结构中
例:It is essential that these application forms{should} be sent as early as possible.
5.虚拟语气用于it is {high/about}time结构
it is {high/about}tim后接虚拟语气,常用过去时,表示该是干…的时候了。 注意句型:it is the firt{second/third}time that …表示一种经历,从句要用完成时态
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