Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary
Section A Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds , ______ could go penniless by next year.
[A] the larger one [B] the larger of which [C] the largest one [D] the largest of which
2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ______ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
[A] combined [B] having combined [C] combine [D] being combined
3. Andrew, my father' s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ______ to the family' s disappointment. [A] much [B] more
[C] too much [D] much more
4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.
[A] were [B] had been [C] have been [D] was
5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ______ near what's needed.
[A] everywhere [B] somewhere [C] nowhere [D] anywhere
6. The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates ______ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
[A] and [B] as [C] but [D] or
7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. ______ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.
[A] What little [B] So much [C] How much [D] So little
8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled ______ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.
[A] for [B] on [C] to [D] in
9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. [A] adding [B] to have added
[C] to add [D] added
10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly
[A] noticed [B] to be noticed [C] being noticed [D] to notice
Section B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of
the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
11. Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute period, but none of his students ever objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.
A. over B. fifty- minute C. but none D. ever
12. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.
A. When B. turned off C. all power D. in honor of
13. They pointed out the damage which they supposed that had been done by last night's storm. A. pointed out B. which C. that D. night's
14. Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
A. Because of B. swimming C. unless D. to watch
15. A great many teachers firmly believe that English is one of the poorest-taught subjects in high schools at present.
A. A great many B. firmly C. poorest-taught D. at present
16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call.
A. sound-produced B. organizing C. delivered D. call
17. I thought the technician was to blame for the blowing of the fuse, but I see now how I was mistaken. A. to blame B. blowing C. how D. was
18. For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it is. A. to be re-elected B. works C. but that D. is
19. As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians.
A. As far as B. are C. compared D. politicians
20. I'd say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
A. are going B. is belonging C. is depriving D. criminal
Section C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them ______. [A] off [B] aside [C] out [D] down
22. The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.
[A] in line with [B] in terms of [C] in regard with [D] by means of 23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ______ on what he promises. [A] faith [B] belief [C] credit [D] reliance
24. My students found the book ______, it providing them with an abundance of information on the subject. [A] enlightening [B] confusing [C] distracting [D] amusing
25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will ______ down the economy.
[A] put [B] settle [C] drag [D] knock
26. In this factory the machines are not regulated ______ but are jointly controlled by a central computer
system.
[A] independently [B] individually [C] irrespectively [D] irregularly
27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ______ in some form.
[A] given off [B] putout [C] set off [D] used up
28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ______.
[A] shrink [B] delay [C] disperse [D] sink
29. American companies are evolving from mass - production manufacturing to ______ enterprises. [A] moveable [B] changing [C] flexible [D] varying
30. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to ______ the situation? [A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify
31. I can't ______ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning. [A] figure out [B] draw out [C] look out [D] work out 32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ______. [A] disapproval [B] rejection [C] refusal [D] decline
33. From this material we can ______ hundreds of what you may call direct products. [A] derive [B] discern [C] diminish [D] displace
34. She had clearly no ______ of doing any work, although she was very well paid. [A] tendency [B] ambition [C] intention [D] willingness 35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ______ a third time. [A] clean and measurable [B] notable and systematic
[C] pure and wholesome [D] clear and organic
36. The public opinion was that the time was not ______ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.
[A] reasonable [B] ripe [C] ready [D] practical 37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ______ of hunger. [A] sensation [B] cause [C] purpose [D] motive
38. For the new country to survive, ______ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
[A] to name a few [B] let alone [C] not to speak [D] let's say
39. Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.
[A] displacement [B] elimination [C] exclusion [D] exception
40. When a number of people ______ together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.
[A] pad [B] pack [C] squeeze [D] cluster
Part Ⅱ Gloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
Manpower Inc. , with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people (41) into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time, (42) industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive (43) reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.
(44) its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part - timers and temporary workers. This\" (45) \"work force is the most important (46) in American business today, and it is (47) changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens (49) by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of (50) that came from being a loyal employee.
41. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip 42. [A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since 43. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by
44. [A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that 45. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable 46. [A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend 47. [A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently 48. [A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas 49. [A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined
50. [A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Passage 1
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's online service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: \"We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.\"
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens a like trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right - to - life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-lo-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a \"cooling off\" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 -year- old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally HI law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. \"I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,\" he says. 51. From the second paragraph we learn that ______.
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries [B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law [D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ______. [A] observers are taking a wait- and- see attitude towards the future of euthanasia [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries [C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect - taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ______.
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia [B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering [D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days 54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ______.
[A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference
Passage 2
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions Small - minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. \"I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.\" Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are nor always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions under lies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to \"translate\" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word \"friend\of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ______. [A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US [B] small- minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors [D] most Americans arc ready to offer help
56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.
[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship [B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated [C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ______. [A] to improve their hard life
[B] in view of their long - distance travel [C] to add some flavor to their own daily life [D] out of a charitable impulse
58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ______. [A] tends to be superficial and artificial
[B] is generally well kept up in the United States [C] is always understood properly
[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails Passage 3
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists, The phrase\" substance abuse\" is often used instead of\" drug abuse\" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depress ants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning\" mind-manifesting\") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 59. \"Substance abuse\" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to \"drug abuse\" in that ______. [A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] \"drug abuse\" is only related to a limited number of drug takers [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 60. The word \"pervasive\" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ______.
[A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable 61. physical dependence on certain substances results from ______. [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______. [A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Passage 4
No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. \"Is this what yon intended to accomplish with your careers?\" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. \"You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?\" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self -examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.
The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice -T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. \"The test of any democratic society,\" he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, \"lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.\"
Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs' that the chairman was backing off his hard- line stand, at least to some extent, During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that \"music is not the cause of society's ills\" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the \"balanced struggle\" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 - member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. \"Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,\" says Luce,\" I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.\" 63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ______.
[A] its raising of the corporate stock price [B] its self - examination of soul [C] its neglect of social responsibility [D] its emphasis on creative freedom 64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. [B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. [C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. [D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.
65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ______.
[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression [B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy
[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection [D] received more support from the 15 - member board
66. The best title for this passage could be ______.
[A] A Company under Fire [B] A Debate on Moral Decline [C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture [D] A Form of Creative Freedom
Passage 5
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as \"steering the economy to a soft landing\" or \"a touch on the brakes\between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year , close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double - digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated, In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist Polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995, In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack, America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen be low most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 67. From the passage we learn that ______.
[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates [B] economy will always follow certain models [C] the economic situation is better than expected
[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation [A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car. [B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. [C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation. [D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
69. The sentence \"This is no flash in the pan\" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ______. [A] the low inflation rate will last for some time [B] the inflation rate will soon rise [C] the inflation will disappear quickly [D] there is no inflation at present 70. The passage shows that the author is ______ the present situation
[A] critical of [B] puzzled by [C] disappointed at [D] amazed at Part Ⅳ English - Chinese Translation Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. (15 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground - clearing way to start. 71 Actually, it isn't because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, Which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72 Some philosophers argue
that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have fur people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says \"I don't like this contract\"?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better lo start with another, more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 74 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely \"logical\". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elemental' form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is a mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. Part Ⅴ Writing Directions:
A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements. below:
1. Interpret the following pictures.
2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.
1997年
Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A 1． B
[试题分析] 本题考查关系代词的用法。
[详细解答] 关系代词which引导出定语从句时、前面可附有介词。which前边也可以附有一些像a few，some，much等数量词加介词of，或者形容词或副词的比较级或最高级加of。本题是指两者之间的比较，其结构为：形容词的比较级+of +which引导的非限定性定语从句。故选项[B]为正确答。
2． D
[试题分析] 本题考查对非谓语动词的掌握。
[详细解答] 从句中的词组owing to和所有格形式its来看，后边应该接名词。那么[A)和[C]均不能入选。而根据题意这里的动名词应该是被动形式，表示状态，而[B]是完成式的动名词的主动形式，因此只有选项[D]为正确答案。
3. A
[试题分析] 本题考查程度副词much的用法。 [详细解答] 本句中的程度副词much作状语，修饰介词短语 to the family's disappointment来加强语气。因本题井无比较对象，因而不用比较级more和much more，所以不能选[B]和 [D]。由于too much不能与介词to连用，故选项[C]也是错误的。那么选项[A]是唯一正确的。much to one's disappointment为固定习惯用语，意为“使某人大失所望”。 4. D
[试题分析] 本题考查对虚拟语气的掌握。
[详细解答] 本题是一个虚拟语气与真实条件组合在一起的句子，虚拟语气只出现在前一个分句，其实际意义是“我没有到医院去看他”，而but后的分句则是对前一个分句作出的解释。后一分句是用来说明没去医院看他的原因．为简单事实的陈述，不必用虚拟语气，因此选项[A]和[D]都是错误的。又因为but分句是对过去事实的陈述．选项[C]的时态不符，因此正确答案是选项[D]。 5．C
[试题分析] 本题考查对转折连词but的掌握。
[详细解答] 本句为but连接的并列复合句，因此两个分句所陈述的应该是相对立的。前面是肯定的，后面无疑是否定的，因此只有选项[C]为正确答案。 6．B
[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。
[详细解答] not so much„as是固定搭配，意为“与其说是„„不如说是„„”，故选项[B]为正确答案。 7. A
[试题分析] 本题考查关系词what的用法。
[详细解答] 在本题中，选择项[B]和[D]都不能引出名词性从句，不能作主语。选择项[C]虽然可以作主语，但从意义上讲不通。而what既作连接代词引导一宾语从句，又作定语修饰little。故选项[A]为正确答案。
8．C
[试题分析] 木题考查对固定搭配的掌握。
[详细解答] reconcile sb．to sb．/sth.为固定搭配，意为“使和好，使一致，使顺从”，故选项[C]为正确答案。 9．D
[试题分析] 本题考查介词with的用法。
[详细解答] 从结构上看，本句前后两个分句都带有一个with介词短语。而介词宾语后边又分别有一个后置的定语。“with+名词/代词+分词”为一常用结构，each new phone与 odd是动宾关系，故选项[D]为正确答案。
10．B
[试题分析] 本题考查，so as to结构的用法。
[详细解答] so as to引导的不定式作结果状语。so as to或 in order to+不定式常作目的状语。本题中不定式与句子的主语之间是动宾关系，因此应选用不定式的被动形式。
Section B
11. C 去掉but
[试题分析] 本题测试连接手段。
[详细解答] 在英语句法中，只要有了though或although就不能再有but，反之亦然。本句前面已有了although，后面就应去掉but。
12．B, 改turned off为(should) turn off。 [试题分析] 本题考查对虚拟语气的掌握。
[详细解答] 英语中有一些表示要求、建议、命令，假设的动词要求宾语从句用虚拟形式的谓语动词，即(should)+动词原形。本题中的propose正是属于这类动词，因此动词 turn off应该用原形。 13．C，去掉that。
[试题分析] 本题测试连接手段。
[详细解答] 本句是带定语从句的复合句。定语从句中 which是主语，had been done是谓语。they suppose从语法上讲应该属于插入成分。那么that在此无任何语法功能，故应该去掉。 14. B，改against swimming为to swim。 [试题分析] 本题考查对惯用搭配的掌握。
[详细解答] forbid sb. to do sth．为固定搭配，意为“禁止某人做某事”。 15．C，改poorest taught为most poorly-taught。
[试题分析] 本题是形容词和副词的误用。
[详细解答] “副词+过去分词”构成复合形容词是常见的构词方式。这里的taught是动词teach的过去分词．应由副词poorly来修饰。
16．A，改sound-produced为sound-producing。 [试题分析] 本题考查对非谓语动词的掌握。
[详细解答] 现在分词和过去分词虽然都能作形容词修饰名词，但现在分词与所修饰的名词之间是主谓关系，而过去分词与所修饰名词之间是动宾关系。ability与produce在逻辑上是主谓关系，故应用现在分词形式。
17．C，改how为that。
[试题分析] 本题测试引导词。
[详细解答] 这里how后的句子应是see的宾语从句，故应用that作为引导词。 18．D，改is为does。
[试题分析] 本题属于动词替代的误用。 [详细解答] 在英语中，为了避免重复前面已经用过的词或词组通常我们要用一个意思一样的词来替代它，本句中所要替代的是动词work，因此要用do来替代。又因为主语为第三人称单数，故应将is改为does。 19. D，改politicians为politicians'。
[试题分析] 本题考查对省略用法的掌握。
[详细解答] 当两个被比较的名词前面分别都有其物主代词时，后一个被比较的名词常常被省略。本句省略的是名词 politics，由于句中politicians是复数，因此只需在其后面加所有格符号即可。 20．B，改is belonging为belonging。 [试题分析] 本题考查时态。
[详细解答] 这里的belong to意为“属于„„”，不能用进行时态，应将“去掉。 Section C 21．A
[试题分析] 本题为短语动词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] lay off意为“解雇”；lay aside意为“储存”；lay out意为“陈设、安排”；lay down意为“放下计划或开始建造”。据此可知，选项[A]lay off符合题干的逻辑意义。 22. B
和精神生活，也要看其生产物质财富的能力。
[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。 [详细解答] in line with意为“与„„一致”，常用作表语，作状语时意为“按照”；in terms of意为“就„„而论，谈到„„”；in regard不能与with构成短语；by means of意为“借助于„„”。根据题意，只有in terms of合乎题意，故选项 [B]为正确答案。
23．D
[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。
[详细解答] 根据题意，此处须填入一含有“信任，信赖”之意的词，而faith、belief、credit和reliance均有trust之意，此题只有从惯用搭配来解答。四个选项的惯用搭配分别为： faith in，belief in，credit in和reliance on。而本题中已有介词on，故选项[D]为正确答案。 24．A
[试题分析] 本题为现在分词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] enlightening意为“使人受启发的”；confusing意为“令人迷惑的”；distracting意为“使分心的”；amusing意为“有趣的，使发笑的”。一本给人们提供大量信息的书，自然具有“启发性”，故选项[A]为正确答案。 25．C
[试题分析] 本题为短语动词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] 本题的四个选项均可与句中的down构成短语动词。put down意为“写下”；settle down意为“安家”；drag down本意为“往下拉”，转义为“使恶化，拖垮”：knock down意为“击倒，推倒”。根据题意，只有选项[C]为正确答案。 26．B
[试题分析] 本题为副词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] individually意为“逐个地、单独地”；independently意为“独立、自主地”；irregularly意为“不规则，不整齐地”；irrespectively意为“不论，不顾”。individually可与句中 jointly形成对照，以说明工厂的机器不是“单独”操作而是由计算机“统一”控制。故选项[B]为正确答案。
27. A
[试题分析] 本题为短语动词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] give off意为“放出，发出”；put out意为“扑灭；生产”；set off意为“出发，开始”；use up意为“用完，耗尽”。根据题意，化学反应不是由某一能量引发就是反应本身引发某一能量的释放，故选项[A]given off为正确答案。
28．A
[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] shrink意为“缩小，减少”；delay意为“延期，延，缓”；disperse意为“驱散，解散”；sink意为“沉下、沉没”。从句子的整体含义可知所选动词的意思应为“减少，下降”，故选项[A]为正确答案。 29．C
[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] movable意为“活动的、可移动的”；flexible意为“易适应的、灵活的”；varying意为“不同程度的”；changing意为“变化的”。题干中被修饰的名词为enterprise(企业，经营)，用flexible允当定语符合逻辑。
30．D
[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] simplify意为“简化”；modify是文法用语，意为“修饰”；modify意为“证实”；rectify意为“纠正，使变好”。因此，能与句中situation构成完整动宾结构的选项只有rectify。故选项[D]为正确答案。
31. A
[试题分析] 本题为短语动词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] figure out意为“弄清，明白”；work out意为“想出(具体办法)；拟定”；draw out意为“取
出，拉长”；look out意为“留神，注意”。根据题意，只有选项A为正确答案。 32．C
绝。
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] disapproval意为“不赞成，不许可”，是动词disapprove的名词形式。decline意为“逐渐衰落，衰败”rejection，refusal均有“拒绝”之意，但在表示“遭到拒绝”时，通常其搭配分别为to get/meet with a refusal，to have many rejections。故选项[C]为正确答案。 33．A
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] derive意为“得到，取得”，其后常接介词from； discern意为“认出，辨别”；diminish意为“变少，缩小”；displace意为“移置，代替”。题干中已有介词from，derive的词义又与题意完全符合，故选项[A]为正确答案。 34． C
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] tendency与towards或to连用，意为“倾向于，趋势”；ambition意为“志向、抱负；野心”；Intention意为“意愿，意图，目的”；willingness意为“甘愿，迫切，乐意”。根据题意，只有选项[C]为正确答案。
35．D
[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] clean and measurable意为“清洁并可测量的”； notable and systematic意为“值得注意的且系统的”；pure and wholesome意为“纯净且有益健康的”；clear and organic意为“清晰而有机联系的”。在此四个选项中，只有[D]与题干中的confusing or fragmented意思相对应。 36．B
[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] reasonable指人或行为“明理的，理智的”；ripe意为“成熟的”；ready用于句型be ready for/to do sth，意为“准备好(做某事)或已准备好的”；practical意为“实际的，现实的”。题中所需形容词应说明名词time的特点，还要与radical保持逻辑卜的——致。而选项[B]能最好的表达“较激进入当选的时机尚不成熟”这一含义，故为正确答案。 37．D
[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] sensation意为“感觉，激动”；cause意为“起因，原因”；purpose意为“(想做某事的)目的”；motive意为“(促使某人做某事的)动机”。根据题意，只有选项[D]为正确答案。 38．B
[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握：
[详细解答] to name a few意为“提及，列举„„”；let alone意为“更不必说，还不算”，后可按名词或不定式短语；没有 not to speak这一搭配，但not to speak of是习语，意为“更不用说„„”；let's say意为“假定说，譬如说”。根据题意，选项[B]为正确答案。 39．C
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] placement意为“移置，代替”；exception意为“例外”；elimination意为“剔除、消除、消灭”；exclusion意为“排斥、不让„„进入”。由题意可知，南非的经济削弱是由两方面的原冈造成的，一是外资的撤走，二是世界资本市场对其排斥。故选项[C]为正确答案。 40．D
[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] pad意为“垫好，装填”；pack意为“挤进，装满”，其后常跟into；squeeze意为“压，挤塞”；cluster意为“群集在”。这里是说，有许多人围坐在一起，并没有人挤来挤去、挤进挤出，故选项[D]
为正确答案。
Part Ⅱ Cloze Test
41．A
[试题分析] 本题为动词同义辨析题。
[词义辨析] swarm本意指“蜜蜂倾巢而出”，又可指“蜂拥而至；如潮涌入”；stride意为“大步流星地走，跨越”；separate意为“分开；分离”，后接介词from；slip意为“滑动；溜走；匆忙地穿(脱)衣等”。根据题意及后面的介词into可知，正确答案为选项[A]。 42．C
[试题分析] 本题考查连词的用法。
[详细解答] 本题供选择的四个连词for, because，since均可引导原因状语从句。for多用于表示主观判断的原因且放在句末；because引导的原因状语从句是解释主句中行为的直接原因，语气强烈，但一般不放在句首；as引导的原因关系从句是一种非直接的原因，常有“鉴于„„；出于对„„的考虑”的意味；since引导的原因常表示已存在事实，常译作“既然„„”。本句的as正是“鉴于”，“由于”的意思，故选项[C]为正确答案。 43．D
[试题分析] 本题考查对介词用法的掌握。
[详细解答] 本题供选择的四个介词from，in，on，by中，只有 by可表示手段，故选项[D]为正确答案。
44．A
[试题分析] 本题考查连词的用法。
[详细解答] 四个连同词组分别引导不同的从句。Even though表让步，常译作“虽然；纵使；尽管”；Now that表原因；that可省略．与since意义相近。可译为“既然„„；由于„„”；if only引导条件从句，尤其是引导非真实条件从句，常译为“只要；但愿；要是„„就好了”；provided that引导条件状浯从句，that可省略。根据题意，此处应填入、—个表让步关系的连词，故选项[A]为正确答案。
45．B
[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。 [详细解答] durable意为“经久耐用的”；disposable意为“可以任意处理的，可以自由处置的，一次性的”；available意为“可以得到的，可以用的”；transferable意为“可转让的，可调动的”。根据题意，选项[B]为正确答案。
46．D
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。
[词义辨析] approach意为“方法，办法，途径”；flow意为“流动”；fashion意为“时尚，风气”；trend意为“潮流，发展的总趋势”。从上下文中得知美国经济中的就业发生了变化，越来越多的人打零工，这是一种新潮流或趋势，故正确答案为 [D]。
47. C
[试题分析] 本题为副词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] instantly意为“立即，即刻”；reversely意为“倒转地，朝向反方向地”；fundamentally意为“根本上，基本上”； sufficiently意为“足够地”。根据题意，选项[C]为正确答案。 48. B
[试题分析] 本题考查连词的用法及逻辑搭配。
[详细解答] and和but为并列连词，可连接两个(以上)分句或谓语等。while和whereas作连词，均可引导一个具有不同或相反意义的状语从句。二者可互换使用，由于 while可引导一个分词短语作状语，而but，and，whereas都不行，故正确答案为[B]。 49．A
[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] impose意为“强加于”；restrict意为“局限”illustrate意为“图解，说明”；confine意为“限
制”。根据题意，选项[A]为正确答案。
50. D
[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] excitement意为“兴奋，激动”；conviction意为“判某人有罪；坚信”；enthusiasm意为“热情，热衷．感激，热忱”；importance意为“重要性”。根据题意，选项[D]为正确答案。 Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Passage 1 51．D
[详细解答] 短文第二段的首句说“The full import may take while to sink in”(这一立法的深刻意义可能要过一段时间才能为人们所理解)，它是本段的主题句，其意与选项[D]的意思相吻合，故为正确答案。 52. B。
[详细解答] 我们知道，多米诺骨牌游戏的特点是头一张牌倒下，必然导致后面许多牌一个接一个相继迅速倒下。在此，作者借此暗示类似法案的相继通过。这与选项[B]“美国、加拿大和其他国家可能会通过类似法案”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 53．A
[详细解答] 文章结尾告诉我们，根据该法案，成年病人可请求安乐死以终止痛苦，但须经两名医生诊断确实已病入膏盲。请求提出后，病人经过十天情绪稳定期，就可在申请证明上签字。48小时后，其安乐死的愿望可得到满足。肺癌患者Lloyd Nickson曾害怕临终会遭受巨大痛苦，安乐死的合法化可让他从容地面对死亡了，由此可以看出他对安乐死的看法：死亡本身并不可怕，可怕的是像其他患者那样痛苦地死去，而安乐死的合法化让他可以从容地面对死亡了。这与选项[A]“他将带着安乐死所特有的平静面对死亡”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 54．C。
[详细解答] 这要根据其引证的事实来判断。文章首段中，作者提到了加拿大要求死亡权力学会会长John Hofsess对此的反应：“„„这不仅是发生在澳大利亚的事情，电是全世界的历史性大事。”接着，作者在第二段中引用事实说明：无论是在澳大利亚国内还是在美国和加拿大，该法案的相继实施都是大势所趋。第三段中作者又通过老年病人 Lloyd Nickson的实例，说明该法案是得到病人拥护的。故选项[C]“赞同的”为正确答案。 Passage 2 55．D
[详细解答] 短文开头就说：“A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly，couscous，and helpful most Americans were to them．”(去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人)这与选项[D]“大多数美国人乐于助人”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 56．A
[详细解答] 在本文末段开头作者指出：“As is true of any developed society，in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions，and conventions underlies all social interrelation ships．”(在美国，所有的社会交往都要受一套复杂的文化特征、文化构想和文化习俗的制约)，这与选项[A]“文化对社会交往会产生影响”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 57．C
[详细解答] 在第二和第三段中作者分析了其原因：枯燥、单调的生活环境使他们渴望生活内容能有所改变，期望获得外界信息。他们的好客并非一时的善举(charitable impulse)，而是边区恶劣环境所致。这与选项[C]：“为其单调的日常生活增添趣味”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 58．B
[详细解答] 文章第四段第二句说“Yet，the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US”(美国人的好客传统至今仍然盛行不衰)，这与选项[B]“在美国大体上保持完好”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 Passage 3
59．D
[详细解答] 文中第一段说到The phrase \"substance abuse\" is often used instead of \"drug abuse\" to make clear that sub stances such as alcohol and tobacco call be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine．(他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害)，这与选项[D]“除了海洛因和可卡因外，许多其他物质也可能是有毒的”意思相近，其中“也可能是有毒的”暗指“如果不适量使用，也会造成毒性反应”，故[D]为正确答案。 60．A
[详细解答] 本题可从第二段找出线索：在我们所生活的社会，一些物质(药物)的使用是得到认可(acceptable)且后来效果良好的(apparently constructive)。由此可知，这些物质在医疗和社交方面是被普通使用的。故选项[A]为正确答案。
61. A
[详细解答] 短文第二段指明频繁使用和过量使用都会导致对这种物质的依赖。这与选项[A]“长期没有节制地使用”的意思一致，故为正确答案。
62．B
[详细解答] 短文最后一段第三句说“Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．”(幻觉剂主要作用于人的感知觉，以各种不同的方式对感知觉加以扭曲和改变，其中包括产生幻觉)，由此可知选项[B]“幻觉剂本身就对健康有害”是正确的。 Passage 4 63．C
[详细解答] 本文开头提到：没有哪家公司愿意听到别人说他们败坏了社会风气。然而，时代一华纳公司最近却为此受到参议员多尔的谴责：“You have sold your souls，but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”(你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们一定要使我们的民族道德沦丧，使我们的儿童受到威胁吗?)，由此可见，多尔批评时代一华纳公司显然是因为它缺乏社会责任感，这与选项[C]“无视社会责任”的意思一致，故为正确答案。 64．D
[详细解答] 短文第二段第一句说“„who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992”(他是在1992年取代已故董事长史蒂夫·罗斯的)，由此可知“late”的意思是“已故的”，故选项[D]为正确答案。 65．B
[详细解答] 由短文第四段可知，面对时代一华纳公司所受到的谴责，董事长Levin在态度上有所缓和并采取了新政策，故选项[B]为正确答案。 66．A
[详细解答] 短文的第一段指出公司正受到舆论攻击；第二、三，四段详尽阐述了公司面对遭致舆论抨击的局面及董事长对此的反应；第五段又叙述了董事会成员对此的态度。文章自始至终围绕“时代—华纳公司受到舆论攻击”这一主题，因此，选项[A]“一家遭到抨击的公司”作本文的标题最合适。 Passage 5 67．C
[详细解答] 根据第二段首句中的had much to boast about (值得吹嘘一番)和第四段首句中particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures(对有利的通货膨胀数字感到惊奇不已)可知，选项[C]为正确答案。 68．B
[详细解答] 短文第四段最后一句说“美国的生产力利用率创历史新高，而失业率却低于多数人预测的自然失业率。而在过去，失业率低于此，通货膨胀率就会上升”，这与选项 [B]的意思一致，故为正确答案。 69．A
[详细解答] 短文第三段告诉我们，美国这样低的通货膨胀率是经济学家始料不及的。在英国和日本，也比去年预测的低半个百分点。本段最后又提到：英、美两国过去两年间的通货膨胀率一直比预计的要低。而选项There is no flash in the pan这一成语的意思是“这种情况不是昙花一现”，它与选项[A]“低通货膨胀
率将持续一段时间”的意思最接近，故为正确答案。 70．D
[详细解答] 短文第三段第一句话说：“It is also less than most forecasters had predicated．”(通货膨胀率比大多数人预测的要低)，短文第四段第一句话又说：“Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States．”(英、美两国有利的通货膨胀数字大大出乎经济学家的意料)，由此可知选项[D]amazed(惊讶)最能说明作者的态度，故为正确答案。 Part Ⅳ English Chinese Translation 全文参考译文．
动物有权利吗?人们常常这样问。这种问题听起来很有价值，很清楚。71．事实并非如此，因为这种问法县以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的．而这种共同认识并不存在
然而一种权利观点认为，动物是没有权利的。72．有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相换的一部分。因此动物不能有权利。因老虎吃了人而惩罚老虎是荒谬的。出于同样的原冈。认为老虎有权利也是荒谬的。然而，这只是一种观点。而且这种观点不是无懈可击的，这种观点不仅否定了动物的权利，而且也否定了某些人的权利，如幼儿、弱智以及后代。此外，如果有人从来就不同意某种契约，那么这一契约还能有多大的效力?如果有人说：“我不喜欢这个契约”。那你又作何回答呢?这些问题尚不清楚。
关键的问题是，如果对人的权利没有共同认识，那么讨论动物的权利是毫无结果的。73. 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这两种极端都不可取。我们最好再来问一个更基本的问题：我们这样对待动物到底属不属于道德问题?
很多人的回答是否定的。74．这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同。对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何认为动物懂得痛苦的想法都是错误的。这种“爱屋及乌”式的感情应恰当地用在其他人身上才对。
按照这种观点，折磨猴子从道德上讲相当于砍柴。这种观点看起来很符合逻辑，而事实上却很肤浅。道德推理最基本的形式，相当于人刚学爬的阶段．就是权衡他人与自己的利益。这反过来就需要同情心与想象力。没有同情心与想象力，就投有道德思维的能力。对大多数人来说，看到动物痛苦，足以引起他们的同情。75. 这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励．而不应遭到嘲弄。 Part Ⅴ Writing
[写作指导]
今年的作文是一篇综合看图作文。从所给图表来看，1995年烟草生产量比1994年有所下降；图表还告诉我们，世界烟民约占世界总人口的20%。但总的看来，烟草的生产会一直呈下降趋势，因为每年不但要耗损2000亿美元，而且会有300万人死于烟草引起的各种疾病。 [参考范文]
As is shown in the first picture, the total production of tobacco in the world dropped from 14,364 million billion, in 1994. According to the figures given in picture two, cigarette smokers account for 20 percent of the total population in the world, reaching 1.1 billion persons. First, it is a tremendous waste of money. The total amount of money spent on cigarette smoking amounts to, $ 200 billion every year. Second, about 3 million people on the globe die of smoking every year. As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think in some developed countries the consumption will more or less stabilize. In many developing nations, however, the number of cigarette smokers will be on the rise.
There are two good reasons for what I've mentioned above. On the one hand, a growing number of people in developed countries realize that smoking pollutes the air, that it does a lot of harm to one's health, and that it may be responsible for lung cancer and many other diseases. On the other hand, cigarette smoking, unfortunately, is seen as a sign of economic growth in many developing countries. It is clear that the future tobacco consumption will vary from country to country.
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